.
Los Angeles /lɒs ˈændʒəlɨs/ loss AN-jə-ləs),[14] officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-largest city in the United States, the most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.
The city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles metropolitan area and the Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 13 million[15] and over 18 million people, respectively, as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world as well as the second-largest in the United States. Los Angeles is the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos.
Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a global city with a diverse economy in entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. It has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index and 9th Global Economic Power Index. The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions, video games, and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production. Additionally, Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984.
History
Historical affiliations
Spanish Empire 1781–1821
First Mexican Empire 1821–1823
Mexico United Mexican States 1823–1848
California Republic 1846
United States 1848–present
Main article: History of Los Angeles
See also: Timeline of Los Angeles and Los Angeles in the 1920s
Pre-colonial period
Chumash people lived in Los Angeles before Europeans settled there.
The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".[16][17]
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer, claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542.[18] Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.[19]
Spanish period
In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area.[20] On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" founded the pueblo called "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula"; in English it is "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River". The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary.[21] Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.[22] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.[23] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[24]
Mexican period
New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital.
The Decisive Battle for Los Angeles, James Walker
American period
Pueblo de Los Ángeles Plaza in 1869
Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.[25]
Railroads arrived with the completion of the Southern Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876.[26] Oil was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.[27]
By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,[28] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[29] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.[30]
A 20th-century mansion in the affluent Los Angeles neighborhood of Cheviot Hills
In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.[31] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic pain suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.[32] By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[33] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.
During World War II, Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers invented the airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible.[34]
The Richfield Tower, an Art Deco landmark of 1929, was demolished in 1969.
Following the end of World War II, Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.[35] The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.
The 1960s saw race relations boil-over into the Watts Riots of 1965 which resulted in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.[36]
In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,[37] and the second Olympics to turn a profit until then – the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[38]
Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of the police officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.[39] They were the largest riots in US history causing approximately $1.3 billion in damage as well as 53 deaths and over 2,000 injuries.[40][41]
In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[42] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.[43]
In 2002, voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[44]
Geography
See also: Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Greater Los Angeles Area and Los Angeles County, California
Cityscape
Main article: List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from Mulholland Drive. Left to right: Santa Ana Mountains, downtown, Hollywood (foreground), Wilshire Boulevard, Port of Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Santa Catalina Island, and Los Angeles International Airport
Hollywood, a well-known district of Los Angeles, is often mistaken for an independent city (although neighboring West Hollywood is an incorporated city).
The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods,[45] many of which were incorporated places or communities that merged into the city.[46] Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, East Los Angeles and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, the Harbor Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside, and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.
Landmarks
See also: List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area and National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California
Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight, the Kodak Theatre, the Griffith Observatory, the Getty Center, the Getty Villa, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the Hollywood Sign, the Bradbury Building, Hollywood Boulevard, the Capitol Records Building, Los Angeles City Hall, the Hollywood Bowl, Battleship USS Iowa, the Watts Towers, the Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street.
L.A. Live
TCL Chinese Theatre
Griffith Observatory
Capitol Records Building
Angels Flight
Aerial photo of Downtown Los Angeles at Sunset
Topography
The Los Angeles Basin
The city of Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water.[7] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).
Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is 5,074 ft (1,547 m) Mount Lukens,[47][48] located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.
Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in the greater Los Angeles area is San Gorgonio Mountain, with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).
The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.[49] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.
Flora and fauna
Los Angeles is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub,[50] which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Coast Live Oak, and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)[51] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).[52] Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native.
Geology
Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt.[53] One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is vulnerable to the "big one," a potentially large earthquake striking California through the San Andreas fault.[54] Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt; the two most recent ones to hit the area, on the Newport-Inglewood Fault, on Sunday morning, May 3, 2015, of 3.9-magnitude with no recorded injuries or damage, and on Sunday, April 12, 2015, of 3.5-magnitude, again with no recorded injuries or damage, were of this type.[53][55] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[56] USGS has released UCERF California earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.[57]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Los Angeles
MacArthur Park
Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb on the coast, Csa inland), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid either Köppen's BSh or BSk (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[58]
Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.[58] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 Fahrenheit (16 Celsius) degrees.[59] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[60] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.[61]
The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75 °F (24 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park.[62] The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom." This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon.[63] In the warm months, dewpoints range from 56.4 °F (13.6 °C) in June to 61.1 °F (16.2 °C) in August.[64]
Downtown Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches (384.6 mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during late autumn and winter (November through March), generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is year to year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 inches (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with 20–35 inches (510–890 mm). Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Nino conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Nina episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wild fires have denuded the slopes. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5 cm) in 1932.[65] The highest recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010[66] and the lowest recorded temperature is 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 22, 1944. During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring very hot and dry conditions to Los Angeles, and raise the wild fire risk.
[show]Climate data for Los Angeles (USC, Downtown), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1877–present
[show]Climate data for Los Angeles (LAX), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1944–present
[show]Climate data for Los Angeles (Canoga Park, in the San Fernando Valley)
Environmental issues
A view of Los Angeles covered in smog
A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place".[16][17] Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke."[71][72] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[73]
The smog season lasts from May to October.[74] While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.
The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.[75] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[76] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[77] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.[78] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short term and year round pollution amounts.[79]
Climate change has already affected Los Angeles with a 4 degree average temperature rise from 1878 to 2005 with a UCLA study predicting that coastal areas will rise 3 to 4 degrees in temperature and urban areas 4 to 4.5 degrees.[80] In 2014, the fire season never finished in Southern California and studies have predicted that climate change will cause more frequent and larger fires by the end of the century.[80] Climate change is also expected to affect sea levels which are expected to rise 5 to 24 inches from 2000 to 2050 leading to higher storm surge and waves, which could result in more extensive flooding that could threaten critical coastal infrastructure.[80]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Los Angeles
Map of Los Angeles County showing percentage of population self-identified as Mexican in ancestry or national origin by census tracts. Heaviest concentrations are in East L.A, Echo Lake/Silver Lake, South Central, San Fernando and San Pedro/Wilmington.
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1850 1,610 —
1860 4,385 172.4%
1870 5,728 30.6%
1880 11,183 95.2%
1890 50,395 350.6%
1900 102,479 103.4%
1910 319,198 211.5%
1920 576,673 80.7%
1930 1,238,048 114.7%
1940 1,504,277 21.5%
1950 1,970,358 31.0%
1960 2,479,015 25.8%
1970 2,811,801 13.4%
1980 2,968,528 5.6%
1990 3,485,398 17.4%
2000 3,694,820 6.0%
2010 3,792,621 2.6%
Est. 2014 3,928,864 [81] 3.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[82]
The 2010 United States Census[83] reported that Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.[84] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km²). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.[84] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.[84]
There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009[84]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.[84]
According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[84]
Race and ethnicity
[hide]Racial composition 2010[84] 1990[85] 1970[85] 1940[85]
White 49.8% 52.8% 77.2% 93.5%
—Non-Hispanic 28.7% 37.3% 61.1%[86] 86.3%
Black or African American 9.6% 14.0% 17.9% 4.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 48.5% 39.9% 17.1%[86] 7.1%[87]
Asian 11.3% 9.8% 3.6% 2.2%
Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[88] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.
According to the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.[84] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%).
Non-Hispanic whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,[84] compared to 86.3% in 1940.[85] People of Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Latinos at 31.9% of Los Angeles' population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Latino population is spread throughout the city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area but it is most heavily concentrated in the East Los Angeles region, which has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community.
The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves−Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown. Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles' population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles' population, respectively. Japanese comprise 0.9% of L.A.'s population, and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is located in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles' population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population.
The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are home to a large Middle Eastern population, including Armenians and Iranians, partially residing in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.
See also: African-American neighborhoods in Los Angeles
African Americans have the largest establishment in South Los Angeles, including the industrial neighborhoods of Crenshaw and Watts.[89] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 17.9% black, 61.1% non-Hispanic white and 17.1% Hispanic.[85] However, since the 1980s, there has been a large influx of immigration from Mexico and Central America which have outnumbered the blacks in South Los Angeles. South Los Angeles, as well as neighboring communities such as the city of Compton that were home to predominant African American populations are now transforming into Hispanic communities.[90]
Religion
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is the mother cathedral for the Los Angeles archdiocese.
Built in 1956, the Los Angeles California Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest LDS temple in the world.
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).[91][92] The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.[93] Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in downtown Los Angeles.[94] Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the city's Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout Los Angeles.
In 2011 the once common but ultimately lapsed custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honour of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781 was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support and approbation of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[95] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses which commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.
With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States.[96] Many of Los Angeles' Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights and Northwest Los Angeles once had large Jewish populations. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.[97] (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)[98] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[99]
The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1927 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, when built, was one of the largest churches in the country.
The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first LDS temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[100]
The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.
Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.
Economy
Financial companies such as US Bancorp, Ernst & Young, Aon, Bank of America, and Deloitte have offices in the Downtown Financial District.
Further information: Los Angeles County Economy
See also: Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation.
Los Angeles is commonly associated with the entertainment industry; three of the six major film studios—Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Universal Pictures—are located within the city limits, with the remaining three located in surrounding cities.
Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the western United States.[101] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[101]
The Los Angeles–Long Beach metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of $736 billion (as of 2010),[102] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world, after Tokyo and New York.[103][104] Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.[105]
Top publicly traded companies
in Los Angeles for 2014
(ranked by revenues)
with City and U.S. ranks
LA corporation US
1 Occidental Petroleum Corporation 116
2 Health Net, Inc. 254
3 Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. 299
4 AECOM Technology Corporation 332
5 Oaktree Capital Group, LLC 354
6 CBRE Group, Inc. 363
Source: Fortune 500[106]
The city is home to six companies in the 2014 Fortune 500, [107] and many other companies, including American Apparel, Farmers Insurance Group, Herbalife, and Sunkist.
The largest employers in the city as of 2009 were, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, and University of California, Los Angeles.[108] The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's fourth largest employer and the largest private sector employer.[109]
Culture
The Dolby Theatre; venue for the Academy Awards
Walt Disney Concert Hall
Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles
Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World," due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry[110] and that there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in history.[111]
Movies and the performing arts
Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Finally, Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest film school in the United States.[112]
The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[111] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation," with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[113] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.
Museums and galleries
See also: Los Angeles City Museums
There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County.[114] In fact, Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.[114] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States[115]), the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution[116]), the Battleship Iowa, and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are located on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[117]
The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century Fox
Cults
Los Angeles has a long history of attracting cult leaders and cults.[118] Film actress and Georgetown graduate Brit Marling, in July 2014, said, "There are so many cultish circles, so many ideas for a quick fix on how your life is going to be as blissful as the weather out there."[119]
Sports
Dodger Stadium is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
See also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of the National Football League in Los Angeles
The city of Los Angeles is the home of several major league professional sports teams. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League.
The Los Angeles metro area include additional major league teams. The Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer is based in Carson. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based in Anaheim in Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 before moving to Anaheim in 1966.[120] The Ducks, who have played in Anaheim since their inception as an expansion team in 1993, were originally owned by Disney. The team adopted its current name in 2006, a year after Disney sold the franchise.[121]
Other notable sports teams include the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Los Angeles is also home to the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-12 Conference.
Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but since 1995 has had no NFL team. At one time Los Angeles area had two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders heading back to their original home of Oakland. Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum home (1946–1979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.
Staples Center is a sports arena, home to the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, and Los Angeles Kings.
Since the franchises' departures, the NFL and individual NFL owners have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Following the 1995 NFL season, the Seattle Seahawks planned to play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season, but the State of Washington filed a lawsuit to prevent the move.[122] Despite the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, Los Angeles is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation.[123] On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field, which may become home to an NFL team in the future.[124]
Los Angeles has twice played host to the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984, both times having the Memorial Coliseum as the host stadium. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as multiple FIFA World Cup games at the Rose Bowl in 1994 including the final. Los Angeles will host the Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.[125]
Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, The Forum, the StubHub Center, the Staples Center, and the Rose Bowl in nearby Pasadena. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL. It was also home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the original AFL, a team that did not participate in that league's ongoing revival.
Government
Main article: Government of Los Angeles
See also: Government of Los Angeles County
Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999 and has been amended many times since then.[126] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the Mayor of Los Angeles which operate under a mayor-council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The current mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts.
The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).
The Charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are currently about 90 neighborhood councils.
Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts.
Federal and state representation
In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.[127] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.[128] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split between ten congressional districts.[129]
Crime
See also: Crime in Los Angeles and List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles
The LAPD on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters
Like most American cities, Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[130][131] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1993, when the all-time high homicide rate of over 21.1 per 100,000 was reported for the year.[132] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[133] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate that the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[134] The murder rate increased slightly from 6.5 per 100,000 people in 2013 to 6.7 per 100,000 in 2014. [135]
The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era[136] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs.[136]
According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[137] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in South Los Angeles. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. The 18th Street has a predominately Latino membership but is multiethnic. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[138]
Education
Colleges and universities
Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.
There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory, Alliant International University, Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus), American Academy of Dramatic Arts (Los Angeles Campus), American Jewish University, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus, Antioch University's Los Angeles campus, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Emperor's College, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis College of Art and Design (Otis), Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwestern Law School, and University of Southern California (USC).
The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College.
There are numerous additional colleges and universities in the Greater Los Angeles area. The Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes some of the most prestigious liberal arts colleges in the United States, is located 35 miles (56 km) east of downtown Los Angeles.
Schools and libraries
The Los Angeles Central Library is in Downtown Los Angeles.
See also: Los Angeles County, California § Colleges and universities and List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.[139] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.[140] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.
Media
Main article: Media in Los Angeles
See also: List of television shows set in Los Angeles and List of films set in Los Angeles
The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper. The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean language paper while The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest Black readership in the Western United States. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey.
Los Angeles Times headquarters
There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.
Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides like Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, LAist, and Flavorpill.[141]
The Los Angeles metro area is served by a wide variety of local television stations, and is the second-largest designated market area in the U.S. with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.).
Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.[142]
The city has major broadcast channels as well as three PBS stations. World TV operates on two channels and the area has several Spanish-language television networks. KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations also operate in the area.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Los Angeles
Freeways
Main article: Southern California freeways
The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110).
The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler.[143] The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with 60 hours of delay).[144] Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[145]
Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canadian border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.
Transit systems
Main article: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Current Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metro Transitway map, showing existing lines
The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[146] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.[146] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[147]
The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's second busiest.[148] The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines, as well as the Gold, Blue, Expo, and Green light rail lines. The Metro Orange and Silver lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.
Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.
Airports
The Theme Building at Los Angeles Airport
The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX. The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled over 66 million passengers and close to 2 million tons of cargo in 2013.
Other major nearby commercial airports include:
(IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) LA/Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire.
(IATA: BUR, ICAO: KBUR) Bob Hope Airport, formerly known as Burbank Airport; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys
(IATA: LGB, ICAO: KLGB) Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area
(IATA: SNA, ICAO: KSNA) John Wayne Airport of Orange County
One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[149]
Seaports
The Vincent Thomas Bridge is at Terminal Island.
The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.
The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[150][151] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[152] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles' World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.[153]
There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles' coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.
Notable people
Main article: List of people from Los Angeles
As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.
Twin towns –sister cities
A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles.
Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,[154] listed chronologically by year joined:
Israel Eilat, Israel (1959)
Japan Nagoya, Japan (1959)
Brazil Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (1962)
France Bordeaux, France (1964)[155][156]
Germany Berlin, Germany (1967)[157]
Zambia Lusaka, Zambia (1968)
Mexico Mexico City, Mexico (1969)
New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand (1971)
South Korea Busan, South Korea (1971)
India Mumbai, India (1972)
Iran Tehran, Iran (1972)
Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (1979)
China Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (1981)[158]
Greece Athens, Greece (1984)
Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984)
Canada Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (1986)[159]
Egypt Giza, Egypt (1989)
Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia (1990)
Lithuania Kaunas, Lithuania (1991)
Philippines Makati, Philippines (1992)
Croatia Split, Croatia (1993)[160]
El Salvador San Salvador, El Salvador (2005)
Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon (2006)
Italy Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006)
Armenia Yerevan, Armenia (2007)[161]
In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":[162]
United Kingdom London, England, United Kingdom
Poland Łódź, Poland
United Kingdom Manchester, England, United Kingdom
Israel Los Angeles also has an exchange partnership with Tel Aviv, Israel.[163]
See also
1992 Los Angeles riots
East Los Angeles (region)
Hinduism in Los Angeles
List of cities and towns in California
Largest cities in the Americas
Largest cities in Southern California
List of hotels in Los Angeles
List of largest California cities by population
List of museums in Los Angeles
List of museums in Los Angeles County, California
List of music venues in Los Angeles
List of people from Los Angeles
List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles
Los Angeles in popular culture
Queen of Angels Foundation
National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles
|
California Los Angeles | San Diego | San Jose | San Francisco | Fresno | Sacramento | Oakland | Bakersfield | Anaheim | Santa Ana | Riverside | Stockton | Chula Vista | San Bernardino | |
References
Gollust, Shelley (April 18, 2013). "Nicknames for Los Angeles". Voice of America. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
Smith, Jack (October 12, 1989). "A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Barrows, H.D. (1899). "Felepe de Neve". Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 4. p. 151ff. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
"California Cities by Incorporation Date" (Word Document publisher = California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions). Retrieved August 25, 2014.
"About the City Government". City of Los Angeles. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
"City Directory". City of Los Angeles. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
"Los Angeles City Hall". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
"Elevations and Distances". US Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/releases/2015/cb15-89_graphic.jpg
"Urban Areas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". Census Bureau. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Also Listeni/lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/, or /lɒs ˈæŋɡəlɨs/. The pronunciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ is commonest outside the US, while /lɒs ˈændʒəlɨs/ and /lɒs ˈæŋɡəlɨs/ are commonest inside the US. The name is from Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles], meaning The Angels.
"Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
William Bright (1998). Fifteen Hundred California Place Names. University of California Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780520212718. LCCN 97043147. "Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or more accurately iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'"
Sullivan, Ron (December 7, 2002). "Roots of native names". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 7, 2015. "Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'"
Willard, Charles Dwight (1901). The Herald's History of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner. pp. 21–24. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
"Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries". Pacifica Historical Society. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Leffingwell, Randy; Worden, Alastair (November 4, 2005). California missions and presidios. Voyageur Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-89658-492-1. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Sullivan, Noelle (December 8, 2009). It Happened in Southern California: Remarkable Events That Shaped History (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-7627-5423-6. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Mulroy, Kevin; Taylor, Quintard; Autry Museum of Western Heritage (March 2001). "The Early African Heritage in California (Forbes, Jack D.)". Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. University of Washington Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-295-98082-9. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Guinn, James Miller (1902). Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century. Chapman pub. co. p. 63. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Estrada, William D. (2006). Los Angeles's Olvera Street. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3105-2. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Guinn, James Miller (1902). Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century. Chapman pub. co. p. 50. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Mulholland, Catherine (2002). William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-23466-6. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Kipen, David (2011). Los Angeles in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City of Angels. University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-26883-8. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900". United States Census Bureau. June 15, 1998. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
"The Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case)". American University. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac desert: the American West and its disappearing water. Penguin. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Buntin, John (April 6, 2010). L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-307-35208-8. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K. (March 2007). The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33521-1. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930". United States Census Bureau. June 15, 1998. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp.5-8, 14, 26, 36, 50, 60, 78, 94, 108, 122, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
Bruegmann, Robert (November 1, 2006). Sprawl: A Compact History. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-226-07691-1. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (August 1, 1999). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon and Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-684-87216-2. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Woo, Elaine (June 30, 2004). "Rodney W. Rood, 88; Played Key Role in 1984 Olympics, Built Support for Metro Rail". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Zarnowski, C. Frank (Summer 1992). "A Look at Olympic Costs" (PDF). Citius, Altius, Fortius 1 (1): 16–32. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N.; Hughey, Matthew W. (2007). "Los Angeles (California) Riots of 1992". Encyclopedia of American race riots. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 376–85. ISBN 978-0-313-33301-9. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
"The 10 Biggest Ever American Riots". TheRichest. February 24, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
Wilson, Stan (April 25, 2012). "Riot anniversary tour surveys progress and economic challenges in Los Angeles". CNN. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
Reich, Kenneth (December 20, 1995). "Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
"Rampart Scandal Timeline". PBS Frontline. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Orlov, Rick (November 3, 2012). "Secession drive changed San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Pool, Bob (February 19, 2009). "L.A. neighborhoods, you're on the map". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1999). New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities. U of Minnesota Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
"Elevations of the 50 Largest Cities (by population, 1980 Census)". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
"Mount Lukens Guide". Sierra Club Angeles Chapter. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Gumprecht, Blake (March 2001). The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. JHU Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8018-6642-5. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Miller, George Oxford (January 15, 2008). Landscaping with Native Plants of Southern California. Voyageur Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7603-2967-2. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (1979). Tropical legumes: resources for the future : report of an ad hoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council. National Academies. p. 258. NAP:14318. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"Flower". Los Angeles Magazine. Emmis Communications. April 2003. p. 62. ISSN 1522-9149. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"Earthquake Facts". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
"San Andreas Fault Set for the Big One". Physorg.com. June 21, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/magnitude-39-quake-shakes-buildings-across-los-angeles/ar-BBj6vOV
Shaw, John H.; Shearer, Peter M. (March 5, 1999). "An Elusive Blind-Thrust Fault Beneath Metropolitan Los Angeles". Science 283 (5407): 1516–1518. doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1516. PMID 10066170. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
"World's Largest Recorded Earthquake". Geology.com. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
"Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
"Pacific Ocean Temperatures on California Coast". beachcalifornia.com. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
"Los Angeles Climate Guide". weather2travel.com. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
"Climate of California". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Poole, Matthew R. (September 22, 2010). Frommer's Los Angeles 2011. John Wiley & Sons. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-470-62619-1. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Burt, Christopher C.; Stroud, Mark (June 26, 2007). Extreme weather: a guide & record book. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-393-33015-1. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Pool, Bob; Lin II, Rong-Gong (September 27, 2010). "L.A.'s hottest day ever". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
"Station Name: CA LOS ANGELES DWTN USC CAMPUS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
"LOS ANGELES/WBO CA Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
"Station Name: CA LOS ANGELES INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
"WMO Climate Normals for LOS ANGELES/INTL, CA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
Bowman, Chris (July 8, 2008). "Smoke is Normal – for 1800". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Gordon J. MacDonald. "Environment: Evolution of a Concept" (PDF). p. 2. "The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke.""
Stimson, Thomas E. (July 1955). What can we do about smog?. Popular Mechanics. p. 65. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Smog Hangs Over Olympic Athletes. New Scientist. August 11, 1983. p. 393. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Marziali, Carl (March 4, 2015). "L.A.'s Environmental Success Story: Cleaner Air, Healthier Kids". USC News. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
"Most Polluted Cities". American Lung Association. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Pittsburgh and Los Angeles the most polluted US cities". citymayors.com. May 4, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"Los Angeles meets 20 percent renewable energy goal". Bloomberg News. January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/msas/los-angeles-long-beach-riverside-ca.html#ozone
Baehr, Leslie (June 17, 2014). "Climate Change Is Ruining Some Of The Best Things About Los Angeles". Business Insider. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
"Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA — Los Angeles". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
"Los Angeles (city), California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
"Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
From 15% sample
Hispanic origin based on the White population of Spanish mother tongue.
"City Basics". City of Los Angeles. April 12, 2005. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Ray, MaryEllen Bell (1985). The City of Watts, California: 1907 to 1926. ISBN 091704701X.
"History of the City". City of Compton. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
"America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
Pomfret, John (April 2, 2006). "Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights". Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Stammer, Larry B.; Becerra, Hector (September 4, 2002). "Pomp Past, Masses Flock to Cathedral". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Dellinger, Robert (September 6, 2011). "2011 'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion" (PDF). The Tidings Online. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
"World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
"Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues". Jewish Heritage Report (1). March 1997. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
"Los Angeles's Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians". Jewish Heritage Report II (1–2). Spring–Summer 1998. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Luscombe, Belinda (August 6, 2006). "Madonna Finds A Cause". Time Magazine. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
"LDS Los Angeles California Temple". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
"Los Angeles: Economy". City-Data. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
"The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005". citymayors.com. March 11, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
"CIA World Factbook, 2009: GDP (official exchange rate)". Central Intelligence Agency. October 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
"The World According to GaWC 2012". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Loughborough University. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
"Fortune 500". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
"Fortune 500". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
"City of Los Angeles CAFR (2010)" (PDF). City of Los Angeles. p. 332 (367). Retrieved October 14, 2011.
George, Evan (December 11, 2006). "Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County". Los Angeles Downtown News. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009.
"Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world? Report says yes". SmartPlanet. November 19, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
"Only In LA: Tapping L.A. Innovation". University of Southern California. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
Waxman, Sharon (January 31, 2006). "At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
"Explore the Center". Music Center of Los Angeles County. Retrieved October 14, 2011.[dead link]
"The Los Angeles Region". Loyola Marymount University. May 5, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
"Overview". Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Boehm, Mike (March 16, 2009). "Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Mather, Kate (August 5, 2011). "Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
"An Introduction to the Long History of Los Angeles Cults". Curbed LA. October 20, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Meltzer, Marissa (July 12, 2014). "Talking Gluten-Free Living, and Other Cults, With Brit Marling". New York Magazine. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Leonard Pitt, Dale Pitt (1997). Los Angeles A to Z. University of California Press. pp. 560–561. ISBN 0-520-20530-8.
"Ducks History: The Ducks Look". National Hockey League. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
Farnsworth, Clare (February 1, 2006). "Dark days: 10 years ago, the Seahawks nearly moved to California". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Markazi, Arash (July 23, 2013). "Might be soon or never for NFL in L.A.". ESPN. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
Zahniser, David (August 9, 2011). "L.A. NFL stadium agreement approved by City Council on 12-0 vote – latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
"Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games". Special Olympics. September 14, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
"Los Angeles, California Code Resources". American Legal Publishing. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
"Communities of Interest — City". California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
"Communities of Interest — City". California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
"Communities of Interest — City". California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Powell, Amy (January 6, 2010). "Los Angeles crime rates hit 50-year lows". KABC-TV. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
"LAPD year-end crime statistics". Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
"LAPD Online Crime Rates" (PDF). Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
"Simmons, Randal". Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
"LAPD City Murder Rate Drops 16 Percent". KCBS-TV. January 6, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/03/america-s-2014-murder-capital.html
DeVico, Peter (2007). The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra. Tate Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 1-60247-254-8. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
"Gangs". Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Serjeant, Jill (February 8, 2007). "Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs". Reuters. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
"US Census, District information". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
"Los Angeles Public Library Branches". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles
"Allocation". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Woolsey, Matt (April 25, 2008). "Best And Worst Cities For Commuters". Forbes. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Woolsey, Matt. "In Depth: 10 Worst Cities For Commuters". Forbes. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
"American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802". United States Census Bureau.
"Ridership Statistics". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Christie, Les (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNN. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
"Public Transit Ridership Report" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
"Van Nuys Airport General Description". Los Angeles World Airports. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
"Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2011.
"Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association". Harboremployers.com. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
"AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2011.
"Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals". Port of Los Angeles. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
"Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Sister Cities Los Angeles. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
"Bordeaux– Rayonnement européen et mondial". Mairie de Bordeaux (in French). Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
"Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
"Berlin City Partnerships". Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
"Guangzhou Sister Cities". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
"Vancouver Twinning Relationships" (PDF). City of Vancouver. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
"Gradovi prijatelji Splita" [Split Twin Towns]. Grad Split [Split Official City Website] (in Croatian). Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
"Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities". Yerevan Municipality Official Website. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
"Twinning link with LA". Manchester Evening News. July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
Further reading
See also: Bibliography of Los Angeles
General
Carey McWilliams (2009). Southern California: An Island on the Land (9th ed.). Peregrine Smith. ISBN 978-0-87905-007-8.
Richard White (1991). It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2567-1.
David Rieff (1992). Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-79210-7.
Peter Theroux (1994). Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31394-9.
Paul Glover (1995). Los Angeles: A History of the Future. Greenplanners. ISBN 978-0-9622911-0-4.
Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt (2000). Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20530-7.
Kevin Starr and David Ulin (2009). Jim Heimann, ed. Los Angeles: Portrait of a City. Taschen America. ISBN 978-3-8365-0291-7.
Architecture and urban theory
Reyner Banham (2009). Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26015-3.
Mike Davis (2006). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-568-5.
Robert M. Fogelson (1993). The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08230-4.
Norman M. Klein (1997). The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-242-4.
Sam Hall Kaplan (2000). L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles. Hennessey and Ingalls. ISBN 978-0-940512-23-8.
Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander (2013). Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2.
Race relations
Rodolfo Acuña (1996). Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-031-3. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Lynell George (1992). No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels. Verso. ISBN 978-0-86091-389-4.
Josh Sides (2006). L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24830-4.
Eduardo Obregón Pagán (2006). Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5494-5.
R. J. Smith (2007). The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-521-4.
LGBT
Lillian Faderman and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02288-X.
Daniel Hurewitz (2007). Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24925-9.
Environment
Marc Reisner (1986). Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1.
Chip Jacobs and William Kelly (2008). Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles. Outlook Hardcover. ISBN 1-58567-860-0.
Art and literature
David L. Ulin, ed. (2002). Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology. Library of America. ISBN 978-1-931082-27-3.
Cécile Whiting (2008). Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25634-7.
External links
Menu
0:00
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Los Angeles" article dated 2011-10-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Official website
Los Angeles Then and Now – slideshow by Life magazine
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
