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In physics, the Schwinger model, named after Julian Schwinger, is the model[1] describing 2D (1 spatial dimension + time) Euclidean quantum electrodynamics with a Dirac fermion. This model exhibits a spontaneous symmetry breaking of the U(1) symmetry due to a chiral condensate due to a pool of instantons. The photon in this model becomes a massive particle at low temperatures. This model can be solved exactly and is used as a toy model for other more complex theories.[2][3]

The model has a Lagrangian

$${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-{\frac {1}{4g^{2}}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }+{\bar {\psi }}(i\gamma ^{\mu }D_{\mu }-m)\psi }$$

Where $${\displaystyle F_{\mu \nu }=\partial _{\mu }A_{\nu }-\partial _{\nu }A_{\mu }}$$ is the U(1) photon field strength, $${\displaystyle D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }-iA_{\mu }}$$ is the gauge covariant derivative, $$\psi$$ is the fermion spinor, m {\displaystyle m} m is the fermion mass and $${\displaystyle \gamma ^{0},\gamma ^{1}}$$ form the two-dimensional representation of the Clifford algebra.

This model exhibits confinement of the fermions and as such, is a toy model for QCD. A handwaving argument why this is so is because in two dimensions, classically, the potential between two charged particles goes linearly as r, instead of 1/r in 4 dimensions, 3 spatial, 1 time.
References

Schwinger, Julian (1962). "Gauge Invariance and Mass. II". Physical Review. Physical Review, Volume 128. 128 (5): 2425–2429. Bibcode:1962PhRv..128.2425S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.128.2425.
Schwinger, Julian (1951). "The Theory of Quantized Fields I". Physical Review. Physical Review, Volume 82. 82 (6): 914–927. Bibcode:1951PhRv...82..914S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.82.914.
Schwinger, Julian (1953). "The Theory of Quantized Fields II". Physical Review. Physical Review, Volume 91. 91 (3): 713–728. Bibcode:1953PhRv...91..713S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.91.713.

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