Archelaus I (Ἀρχέλαος) was king of Macedon from 413 to 399 BC, following the death of Perdiccas II. Archelaus is known for the sweeping changes he made in state administration, the military, and commerce.

Almost immediately after he took power, Archelaus was faced with a situation which allowed him to completely reverse Macedonia’s relationship with Athens, which had been a major threat for the past half century. The Athenians experienced a crushing defeat at Syracuse in late 413 during which most of their ships were destroyed. This left the Athenians in desperate need of a huge amount of timber to build new ships and Archealaus in a position to set the price. Archelaus generously supplied the Athenians with the timber they needed. In recognition of this the Athenians honored Archelaus and his children with the titles of proxenos and euergetes of the people.

Archelaus went on to institute many internal reforms. He issued an abundance of good quality coinage. He built strongholds, cut straight roads (important for movement of the military), and improved the organization of the military, particularly the cavalry and hoplite infantry.

Archelaus was also known as a man of culture and extended cultural and artistic contacts with southern Greece. In his new palace at Pella (where he moved the capital from the old capital at Aigai he hosted great poets, tragedians, including Euripides (who wrote his tragedies Archelaus and The Bacchae while in Macedonia), musicians, and painters, including Zeuxis (the most celebrated painter of his time). Archelaus reorganized the Olympia a religious festival with musical and athletic competitions honoring Olympian Zeus and the Muses at Dion, the Olympia of Macedonia. The greatest athletes and artists of Greece came to Macedonia to participate in this event.

Archelaus was killed in 399 B.C. during a hunt by one of the Royal Pages. It is possible that this was part of a conspiracy, although nothing was ever proven. By the time that he died, Archelaus had succeeded in converting Macedonia into a significantly stronger power. Thucydides even credited Archelaus with doing more for his kingdom than all of his predecessors together.

Links

• Coinage of Archelaus
  
• Ancestry of Archelaus