The Molossians (Greek: Μολοσσοί, Molossoi) were an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Epirus since the Mycenaean era.[1] On their northeast frontier, they had the Chaonians and on their southern frontier the kingdom of the Thesprotians; to their north were the Illyrians. The Molossians were part of the League of Epirus until they sided against Rome in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). The result was disastrous, and the vengeful Romans enslaved 150,000 of its inhabitants and annexed the region into the Roman Empire.

Mythology

According to Greek mythology, the Molossians were the descendants of Molossus, one of the three sons of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles and Deidamia. Following the sack of Troy, Neoptolemus and his armies settled in Epirus where they joined with the local population. Molossus inherited the kingdom of Epirus after the death of Helenus, son of Priam and Hecuba of Troy, who had married his erstwhile sister-in-law Andromache after Neoptolemus' death. According to some historians their first king was Phaethon, one of those who came into Epirus with Pelasgus. According to Plutarch, Deucalion and Pyrrha, having set up the worship of Zeus at Dodona, settled there among the Molossians.[2]
Ancient sources
The League of Epirus, 234 BC.

According to Strabo, the Molossians, along with the Chaonians and Thesprotians, were the most famous among the fourteen tribes of Epirus, who once ruled over the whole region. The Chaonians ruled Epirus at an earlier time, and afterwards the Thesprotians and Molossians controlled the region. The Thesprotians, the Chaonians, and the Molossians were the three principal clusters of Greek tribes that had emerged from Epirus and were the most powerful among all other tribes.[2]

The Molossians were also renowned for their vicious hounds, which were used by shepherds to guard their flocks. This is where the canine breed Molossoid, native to Greece, got its name. Virgil tells us that in ancient Greece the heavier Molossian dogs were often used by the Greeks and Romans for hunting (canis venaticus) and to watch over the house and livestock (canis pastoralis). "Never, with them on guard," says Virgil, "need you fear for your stalls a midnight thief, or onslaught of wolves, or Iberian brigands at your back."

Strabo records that the Thesprotians, Molossians, and Macedonians referred to old men as πελιοί pelioi and old women as πελιαί peliai (<PIE *pel-, 'grey'). Cf. Ancient Greek πέλεια peleia, "pigeon", so-called because of its dusky grey color. Ancient Greek πελός pelos meant "grey".[3] Their senators were called Peligones (Πελιγόνες ), similar to Macedonian Peliganes (Πελιγᾶνες).[4]
Molossian royalty

The most famed member of the Molossian dynasty was Pyrrhus, who became famous for his Pyrrhic victory over the Romans. According to Plutarch, Pyrrhus was the son of Aeacides of Epirus and a Greek woman from Thessaly named Phthia, the daughter of a war hero in the Lamian War. Pyrrhus was a second cousin of Alexander the Great. In the 4th century BC, they had adopted the term for office of prostatai (Greek: προστάται)[5] literally meaning "protectors" like most Greek tribal states at the time. Other terms for office were grammateus (Greek: γραμματεύς) meaning "secretary", demiourgoi (Greek: δημιουργοί) literally meaning "creators", hieromnemones (Greek: ἱερομνήμονες) literally meaning "of the sacred memory" and synarchontes (Greek: συνάρχοντες) literally meaning "co-rulers"[6] An inscription from the 4th century stated (referring to Alexander I of Epirus):[7]
“ When King was Alexandros when of Molossoi prostatas was Aristomachos Omphalas secretary was Menedamos Omphalas resolved by the assembly of the Molossoi; Kreston is benefactor hence to give citizenship to Kteson and descent line ”

The shrine of Dodona was used for the display of public decisions.[8] Despite having a monarchy, the Molossians sent princes to Athens to learn of democracy, and they did not consider certain aspects of democracy incompatible with their form of government.[9][10]

Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, was a member of this celebrated sovereign house.
War

In 385 BC, the Illyrians, aided by Dionysius of Syracuse, attacked the Molossians, attempting to place the exile Alcetas on the throne.[11] Dionysius planned to control all the Ionian Sea. Sparta intervened and expelled the Illyrians who were led by Bardyllis.[12][13][14] Even with the aid of 2000 Greek hoplites and 500 suits of Greek armour, the Illyrians were defeated by the Spartans (led by Agesilaus) but not before ravaging the region and killing 15,000 Molossians.[14]

In another Illyrian attack in 360 BC, the Molossian king Arymbas (or Arybbas) evacuated his non-combatant population to Aetolia and let the Illyrians loot freely. The stratagem worked, and the Molossians fell upon the Illyrians, who were encumbered with booty, and defeated them.[14][15]
List of Molossians

Neoptolemus son of Achilles and Deidamia (Aeacid dynasty till 231 BC).
Molossus son of Neoptolemus and Andromache.
Alcon (6th century BC) suitor of Agariste of Sicyon.
Admetus, who gave asylum to Themistocles.
Eidymmas prostates, secretary Amphikorios gave citizenship το Philista, wife of Antimachos from Arrhonos, under King Neoptolemos I 370–368 BC.[16]
Tharyps theorodokos in Epidauros 365 BC.[17]
Myrtale Olympias mother of Alexander the Great circa 376–316 BC.
Arybbas winner in Tethrippon Olympics 344 BC.[18]
Aristomachos prostates, secretary Menedamos gave citizenship to Simias of Apollonia, resident at Theptinon, under King Alexander I 342–330/329 BC.[19]
Pyrrhus of Epirus (318–272 BC) most prominent Epirote king.
Deidamia II of Epirus (died circa 233 BC) last surviving representative of the royal Aeacid dynasty.
Kephalos, Antinoos sided with Perseus against the Romans (Third Macedonian War) circa 170 BC.[20]

See also

Chaonia
Chaonians
Olympias
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Thesprotians

References

^ Lewis & Boardman 1994, pp. 430, 433–434; Wilkes 1995, p. 104; Errington 1990, p. 43; Borza 1992, pp. 62, 78, 98; Boardman & Hammond 1982, p. 284; Hammond 1998.
^ a b Plutarch. Parallel Lives, "Pyrrhus".
^ Liddell & Scott 1889: πελός.
^ Liddell & Scott 1889: πελιγᾶνες.
^ Horsley 1987, p. 243; Hornblower 2002, p. 199.
^ Lewis & Boardman 1994, p. 431.
^ Brock & Hodkinson 2000, p. 250.
^ Brock & Hodkinson 2000, p. 257.
^ Alcock & Osborne 2007, p. 392.
^ Brock & Hodkinson 2000, p. 256.
^ Hammond 1986, p. 479.
^ Diodorus Siculus. Library, 15.13.1.
^ Hammond 1986, p. 470.
^ a b c Lewis & Boardman 1994, p. 428.
^ Diodorus Siculus. Library, 14.92, 15.2, 16.2.
^ Cabanes, L'Épire 534,1.
^ IG IV²,1 95 Line 31.
^ Woodbury 1979, pp. 95–133.
^ Cabanes, L'Épire 540,4.
^ Smith 1844, p. 191: "ANTI'NOUS (Άντίνους), a chief among the Molossians in Epeirus, who became involved, against his own will, in the war of Perseus, king of Macedonia, against the Romans."

Sources

Alcock, Susan E.; Osborne, Robin (2007). Classical Archaeology. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-631-23418-7.
Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982). The Cambridge Ancient History - The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C., Part 3: Volume 3 (Second Edition). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23447-6.
Borza, Eugene N. (1992). In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Revised Edition). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00880-9.
Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (2000). Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815220-5.
Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990). A History of Macedonia. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06319-8.
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986). A History of Greece to 322 B.C. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-873096-9.
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1998). Philip of Macedon. London, United Kingdom: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2829-1.
Hornblower, Simon (2002). The Greek World, 479-323 BC. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
Horsley, G. H. R. (1987). New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-85837-599-0.
Lewis, David Malcolm; Boardman, John (1994). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C.. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23348-8.
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
Smith, William (1844). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. I. London, United Kingdom: Taylor and Walton, Upper Gower Street.
Wilkes, John (1995) [1992]. The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers Limited. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
Woodbury, Leonard (1979). "Neoptolemus at Delphi: Pindar, "Nem." 7.30 ff.". Phoenix (Classical Association of Canada) 33 (2): 95–133. JSTOR 1087989.

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