At Eternity's Gate, Vincent van Gogh
1888, oil on canvas, 73 × 92 cm
Otterlo, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller
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An der Schwelle der Ewigkeit, Vincent van Gogh
1888, Öl auf Leinwand, 73 × 92 cm
Otterlo, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller
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, 文森特·梵高
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Sorrowing Old Man ('At Eternity's Gate') is an oil painting by Vincent van Gogh [2] that he made in 1890 in Saint-Rémy de Provence based on an early lithograph.[3] The painting was completed in early May at a time when he was convalescing from a severe relapse in his health and some two months before his death, generally accepted as a suicide.[4]
In the 1970 catalogue raisonné, it is given the title Worn Out: At Eternity's Gate.[5]
The lithograph was based on a pencil drawing Worn Out, one of a series of studies he made in 1882 of a pensioner and war veteran, Adrianus Jacobus Zuyderland, at a local almshouse in The Hague and itself a reworking of a drawing and watercolor he had made the previous year.[6] The inspiration for Worn Out was Hubert von Herkomer's Sunday at the Chelsea Hospital, an immensely popular print depicting an old war veteran slumped dead that went on to become an acclaimed painting at the Royal Academy, The Last Muster, that van Gogh had seen in 1875 when in England.[7][8][9][10] Van Gogh wrote of his drawing:[11]
"Today and yesterday I drew two figures of an old man with his elbows on his knees and his head in his hands. I did it of Schuitemaker once and always kept the drawing, because I wanted to do it better another time. Perhaps I’ll also do a lithograph of it. What a fine sight an old working man makes, in his patched bombazine suit with his bald head."
Van Gogh's first attempt at the lithograph followed just two days later. He wrote:[3][12]
"It seems to me that a painter has a duty to try to put an idea into his work. I was trying to say this in this print — but I can’t say it as beautifully, as strikingly as reality, of which this is only a dim reflection seen in a dark mirror — that it seems to me that one of the strongest pieces of evidence for the existence of 'something on high' in which Millet believed, namely in the existence of a God and an eternity, is the unutterably moving quality that there can be in the expression of an old man like that, without his being aware of it perhaps, as he sits so quietly in the corner of his hearth. At the same time something precious, something noble, that can’t be meant for the worms. ... This is far from all theology — simply the fact that the poorest woodcutter, heath farmer or miner can have moments of emotion and mood that give him a sense of an eternal home that he is close to."
Later, in a rare expression of his own religious feelings, he wrote expressly about this lithograph and two other drawings also posed by Zuyderland, of an old man reading a Bible and saying grace (below) respectively:[13][14][15]
"My intention with these two and with the first old man is one and the same, namely to express the special mood of Christmas and New Year. ... Leaving aside whether or not one agrees with the form, it’s something one respects if it’s sincere, and for my part I can fully share in it and even feel a need for it, at least in the sense that, just as much as an old man of that kind, I have a feeling of belief in something on high even if I don’t know exactly who or what will be there."
Writing about At Eternity's Gate in 1998, the American theologian Kathleen Powers Erickson remarked:[16]
"Belief in a "life beyond the grave" is central to one of van Gogh's first accomplished lithographs, At Eternity's Gate ... Executed at The Hague in 1882, it depicts an old man seated by a fire, his head buried in his hands. Near the end of his life van Gogh recreated this image in oil, while recuperating in the asylum at St. Rémy. Bent over with his fists clenched against a face hidden in utter frustration, the subjects appears engulfed in grief. Certainly, the work would convey an image of total despair had it not been for the English title van Gogh gave it, At Eternity's Gate. It demonstrates that even in his deepest moments of sorrow and pain, van Gogh clung to a faith in God and eternity, which he tried to express in his work. ..."
Seven impressions of the lithograph are known, of which one is annotated At Eternity's Gate. The same theme is taken up again in two later 1883 studies of a seated woman.
Genesis
Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey (F500, JH1659), oil on canvas 1889, Pushkin Museum.[17] Rey disliked his portrait and gave it away.[18]
Vincent van Gogh suffered from some form of mental illness, acutely during the last two years of his life. The official diagnosis furnished by the hospital in Arles that van Gogh was taken to on Christmas Eve, 1888, following the celebrated incident involving his ear, was "acute mania with generalised delirium".[19] Dr. Félix Rey, a young intern at the hospital, also suggested "a kind of epilepsy" he characterised as mental epilepsy.[20]
There is no agreement today over a modern diagnosis of van Gogh's illness. Suggestions include epilepsy and bipolar disorder, possibly exacerbated by excessive absinthe drinking, heavy smoking and venereal disease. Symptoms were varied, but in their most severe manifestations they involved attacks of confusion and unconsciousness followed by periods of stupor and incoherence during which he was generally unable to paint, draw, or even to write letters.[21][22] It was such an attack that first led him to being hospitalised at Arles, and following a later relapse, he had himself committed to the asylum at Saint-Rémy in May 1889, where he remained for the most part until May 1890.
On February 22, 1890, van Gogh suffered his most severe relapse, an episode Jan Hulsker called the longest and saddest of his life, and one which lasted some nine weeks through to late April.[23] During this time, he was only able to write his brother Theo once, in March 1890, and then only briefly to say he was totally stupified (totalement abruti) and unable to write.[24] He did not write Theo again until late April, but that letter makes it clear that he had been able to paint and draw a little during this time, despite his sadness and melancholy:[25][26]
"What can I tell you of these two last months, things aren’t going well at all, I’m more sad and bored than I could tell you, and I no longer know what point I’m at ... While I was ill I nevertheless still did a few small canvases from memory which you’ll see later, memories from the north [souvenirs du nord] ... so melancholy do I feel."
It is in these drawings and paintings that Hulsker sees unmistakable signs of his mental collapse, otherwise rare in his work.[27]
It is not clear whether Sorrowing Old Man ('At Eternity's Gate') is one of the canvases referred to in his April letter. Hulsker remarks that it would have been remarkable for van Gogh to have copied his lithograph so faithfully from memory. Nevertheless the painting is clearly a return to the past, and both the 1970 catalogue raisonné and Hulsker cite the painting as fecit May 1890 at Saint-Rémy.
References
^ Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate'), Kröller-Müller Museum
^ [1]
^ to: a b "To Theo van Gogh. The Hague, Sunday, 26 and Monday, 27 November 1882". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum.
^ Hulsker, Jan (1986). The Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches. Random House. p. 444. ISBN 0-517-44867-X.
^ de la Faille, Jacob Baart (1970). The Works of Vincent van Gogh. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. p. 274.
^ "To Theo van Gogh. Etten, mid-September 1881". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum.
^ von Herkomer, Hubert. "THe Last Muster". Lady Lever Art Gallery.
^ Korda, Andrea. "The Streets as Art Galleries: Hubert Herkomer, William Powell Frith, and the Artistic Advertisement". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide.
^ Naifeh, Steven; White Smith, Gregory (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. Random House. p. 318. ISBN 0-375-50748-5.
^ "Notes 233". Van Gogh: The Life. VanGoghBiography.com.
^ "To Theo van Gogh. The Hague, Friday, 24 November 1882". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum.
^ "Notes 341, 342". Van Gogh: The Life. VanGoghBiography.com.
^ to: a b "Letter 294: To Theo van Gogh. The Hague, between about Wednesday, 13 and about Monday, 18 December 1882". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum. Note 4.
^ Hulsker (1980) p. 69
^ Erickson (1998) p. 77
^ Erickson, Kathleen Powers. At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent Van Goh. Google books.
^ Brooks, D. "Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey". The Vincent van Gogh Gallery, endorsed by Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. David Brooks (self-published). Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ Brooks, D. "Dr. Félix Rey, interviewed by Max Braumann (1928)". The Vincent van Gogh Gallery, endorsed by Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. David Brooks (self-published). Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ "Concordance, lists, bibliography: Documentation". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ Naifeh and Smith (2011), 701 ff., 729, 749
^ Hulsker (1980), 390
^ Naifeh and Smith (2011), 707 ff., 814 - 816
^ Hulsker (1980), 404
^ "To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, on or about Monday, 17 March 1890". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Tuesday, 29 April 1890". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Pomerans (2003), 483
^ Hulsker (1980), 442
^ Brooks, D. "Peasant Sitting by the Fireplace ('Worn Out')". The Vincent van Gogh Gallery, endorsed by Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. David Brooks (self-published). Retrieved 19 February 2011.
^ Worn Out, Van Gogh Museum, retrieved 18 February 2012
^ Old Man with his Head in his Hands ("At Eternity's Gate"), The Vincent Van Gogh Gallery, retrieved 18 February 2012.]
^ "Sorrowful old man". Kröller-Müller Museum. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ "Mourning Woman Seated on a Basket". Kröller-Müller Museum. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ "Weeping Woman". Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Bibliography
Erickson, Kathleen Powers. At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent Van Gogh. William B Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998. ISBN 978-0-8028-3856-8
de la Faille, Jacob-Baart. The Works of Vincent Van Gogh: His Paintings and Drawings. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1970. ISBN 978-1-55660-811-7
Hulsker, Jan. The Complete Van Gogh. Oxford: Phaidon, 1980. ISBN 0-7148-2028-8
Naifeh, Steven; Smith, Gregory White. Van Gogh: The Life. Profile Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84668-010-6
Pomerans, Arnold. The Letters of Vincent van Gogh. Penguin Classics, 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-044674-6
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