John Constable
Paintings
The Hay Wain
The Lock
Weymouth Bay . Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill
The Cornfield
Stratford Mill
Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds
Salisbury Cathedral and Leadenhall from the River Avon
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
Summer evening with storm clouds
Coast Scene. Brighton
Dedham Vale with the River Stour in Flood from the Grounds of Old Hall, East Bergholt
Stoke-by-Nayland
View of the City of London from Sir Richard Steele's Cottage Hampstead
Dedham Vale. View to Langham Church from the Fields just east of Vale Farm East Bergholt
Yarmouth Pier
Portrait of Master Crosby
Hampstead Heath, Looking Toward Harrow
The White Horse
Landscape With A Red-tiled Cottage,a Windmill And A Rainbow
Clouds
The Opening of Waterloo Bridge, seen from Whitehall Stairs, London, 19 June 1817
Road to the Spaniards. Hampstead
Dell at Helmingham Park
Landscape with a River
Waterloo Bridge from Whitehall Stairs
Flowers in a Glass Vase, Study
The house of the admiral in Hampstead
The Stour-Valley with the Church of Dedham
The Waterloo Festival in East Bergholt
Sluice and mill in Dedham (Dedham Mill)
Promenade and suspension bridge of Brighton
Brighton beach with sailing ships
Drawings
Hampstead Heath
Tree and figure in Ham, Surrey
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John Constable, RA (/ˈkʌnstəbəlˌ ˈkɒn-/;[1] 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".[2]
His most famous paintings include Wivenhoe Park of 1816,[3]Dedham Vale of 1802 and The Hay Wain of 1821. Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, Constable was never financially successful. He did not become a member of the establishment until he was elected to the Royal Academy at the age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more works than in his native England and inspired the Barbizon school.
Early career
John Constable, Self-portrait 1806, pencil on paper, Tate Gallery London. His only indisputable self-portrait, drawn by an arrangement of mirrors.[4]
John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable. His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. Golding Constable owned a small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary, and used to transport corn to London. He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, Abram Newman. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was intellectually disabled and John was expected to succeed his father in the business. After a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham. Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills.
In his youth, Constable embarked on amateur sketching trips in the surrounding Suffolk and Essex countryside, which was to become the subject of a large proportion of his art. These scenes, in his own words, "made me a painter, and I am grateful"; "the sound of water escaping from mill dams etc., willows, old rotten planks, slimy posts, and brickwork, I love such things."[5] He was introduced to George Beaumont, a collector, who showed him his prized Hagar and the Angel by Claude Lorrain, which inspired Constable. Later, while visiting relatives in Middlesex, he was introduced to the professional artist John Thomas Smith, who advised him on painting but also urged him to remain in his father's business rather than take up art professionally.
Dedham Vale (1802)
In 1799, Constable persuaded his father to let him pursue a career in art, and Golding granted him a small allowance. Entering the Royal Academy Schools as a probationer, he attended life classes and anatomical dissections, and studied and copied old masters. Among works that particularly inspired him during this period were paintings by Thomas Gainsborough, Claude Lorrain, Peter Paul Rubens, Annibale Carracci and Jacob van Ruisdael. He also read widely among poetry and sermons, and later proved a notably articulate artist. By 1803, he was exhibiting paintings at the Royal Academy.
In 1802 he refused the position of drawing master at Great Marlow Military College, a move which Benjamin West (then master of the RA) counselled would mean the end of his career. In that year, Constable wrote a letter to John Dunthorne in which he spelled out his determination to become a professional landscape painter:
“ For the last two years I have been running after pictures, and seeking the truth at second hand... I have not endeavoured to represent nature with the same elevation of mind with which I set out, but have rather tried to make my performances look like the work of other men...There is room enough for a natural painter. The great vice of the present day is bravura, an attempt to do something beyond the truth.[6] ”
His early style has many qualities associated with his mature work, including a freshness of light, colour and touch, and reveals the compositional influence of the old masters he had studied, notably of Claude Lorrain.[7] Constable's usual subjects, scenes of ordinary daily life, were unfashionable in an age that looked for more romantic visions of wild landscapes and ruins. He made occasional trips further afield.
Wivenhoe Park (1816)
In 1803 he spent almost a month aboard the East Indiaman ship Coutts as it visited south-east ports, and in 1806 he undertook a two-month tour of the Lake District.[8] He told his friend and biographer, Charles Leslie, that the solitude of the mountains oppressed his spirits, and Leslie wrote:
“ His nature was peculiarly social and could not feel satisfied with scenery, however grand in itself, that did not abound in human associations. He required villages, churches, farmhouses and cottages.[9] ”
To make ends meet, Constable took up portraiture, which he found dull, though he executed many fine portraits. He also painted occasional religious pictures but, according to John Walker, "Constable's incapacity as a religious painter cannot be overstated."[10]
Constable adopted a routine of spending winter in London and painting at East Bergholt in summer. In 1811 he first visited John Fisher and his family in Salisbury, a city whose cathedral and surrounding landscape were to inspire some of his greatest paintings.
Marriage and maturity
Maria Bicknell, painted by Constable in 1816
From 1809, his childhood friendship with Maria Elizabeth Bicknell developed into a deep, mutual love. Their marriage in 1816 when Constable was 40 was opposed by Maria's grandfather, Dr Rhudde, rector of East Bergholt. He considered the Constables his social inferiors and threatened Maria with disinheritance. Maria's father, Charles Bicknell, solicitor to King George IV and the Admiralty,[11] was reluctant to see Maria throw away her inheritance. Maria pointed out to John that a penniless marriage would detract from any chances he had of making a career in painting. Golding and Ann Constable, while approving the match, held out no prospect of supporting the marriage until Constable was financially secure. After they died in quick succession, Constable inherited a fifth share in the family business.
Weymouth Bay (c. 1816)
John and Maria's marriage in October 1816 at St Martin-in-the-Fields (with Fisher officiating) was followed by time at Fisher's vicarage and a honeymoon tour of the south coast. The sea at Weymouth and Brighton stimulated Constable to develop new techniques of brilliant colour and vivacious brushwork. At the same time, a greater emotional range began to be expressed in his art.[12]
Although he had scraped an income from painting, it was not until 1819 that Constable sold his first important canvas, The White Horse, which led to a series of "six footers", as he called his large-scale paintings. That year he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy. In 1821 he showed The Hay Wain (a view from Flatford Mill) at the Academy's exhibition. Théodore Géricault saw it on a visit to London and praised Constable in Paris, where a dealer, John Arrowsmith, bought four paintings, including The Hay Wain. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1824, winning a gold medal.
Of Constable's colour, Delacroix wrote in his journal: "What he says here about the green of his meadows can be applied to every tone".[13] Delacroix repainted the background of his 1824 Massacre de Scio after seeing the Constables at Arrowsmith's Gallery, which he said had done him a great deal of good.[14]
In his lifetime, Constable sold only 20 paintings in England, but in France he sold more than 20 in just a few years. Despite this, he refused all invitations to travel internationally to promote his work, writing to Francis Darby: "I would rather be a poor man [in England] than a rich man abroad."[10] In 1825, perhaps due partly to the worry of his wife's ill-health, the uncongeniality of living in Brighton ("Piccadilly by the Seaside"[15]), and the pressure of numerous outstanding commissions, he quarrelled with Arrowsmith and lost his French outlet.
After the birth of their seventh child in January 1828, Maria fell ill and died of tuberculosis on 23 November at the age of 41. Intensely saddened, Constable wrote to his brother Golding, "hourly do I feel the loss of my departed Angel—God only knows how my children will be brought up...the face of the World is totally changed to me".[16]
Thereafter, he dressed in black and was, according to Leslie, "a prey to melancholy and anxious thoughts". He cared for his seven children alone for the rest of his life. The children were John Charles, Maria Louisa, Charles Golding, Isobel, Emma, Alfred, and Lionel. Only Charles Golding Constable produced offspring, a son.[17]
John Constable – The Quarters behind Alresford Hall, 1816
The grave of John Constable, High Hampstead, London
The inscription on John Constable's tomb
Shortly before Maria died, her father had also died, leaving her £20,000. Constable speculated disastrously with the money, paying for the engraving of several mezzotints of some of his landscapes in preparation for a publication. He was hesitant and indecisive, nearly fell out with his engraver, and when the folios were published, could not interest enough subscribers. Constable collaborated closely with the talented mezzotinter David Lucas on 40 prints after his landscapes, one of which went through 13 proof stages, corrected by Constable in pencil and paint. Constable said, "Lucas showed me to the public without my faults", but the venture was not a financial success.[18]
The Hay Wain (1821)
He was elected to the Royal Academy in February 1829, at the age of 52. In 1831 he was appointed Visitor at the Royal Academy, where he seems to have been popular with the students.
He began to deliver public lectures on the history of landscape painting, which were attended by distinguished audiences. In a series of lectures at the Royal Institution, Constable proposed a three-fold thesis: firstly, landscape painting is scientific as well as poetic; secondly, the imagination cannot alone produce art to bear comparison with reality; and thirdly, no great painter was ever self-taught.
He also spoke against the new Gothic Revival movement, which he considered mere "imitation".
In 1835, his last lecture to students of the Royal Academy, in which he praised Raphael and called the Academy the "cradle of British art", was "cheered most heartily".[19] He died on the night of 31 March 1837, apparently from heart failure, and was buried with Maria in the graveyard of St John-at-Hampstead, Hampstead. (His children John Charles Constable and Charles Golding Constable are also buried in this family tomb.)
Art
The Cornfield (1826)
Constable quietly rebelled against the artistic culture that taught artists to use their imagination to compose their pictures rather than nature itself. He told Leslie, "When I sit down to make a sketch from nature, the first thing I try to do is to forget that I have ever seen a picture".[20]
Although Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the "finished" picture market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions, constant refreshment in the form of on-the-spot studies was essential to his working method. He was never satisfied with following a formula. "The world is wide", he wrote, "no two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world; and the genuine productions of art, like those of nature, are all distinct from each other."[21]
Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures. These large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time, and they continue to interest artists, scholars and the general public. The oil sketches of The Leaping Horse and The Hay Wain, for example, convey a vigour and expressiveness missing from Constable's finished paintings of the same subjects. Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable's work, the oil sketches reveal him in retrospect to have been an avant-garde painter, one who demonstrated that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction.
Constable's watercolours were also remarkably free for their time: the almost mystical Stonehenge, 1835, with its double rainbow, is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolours ever painted.[21] When he exhibited it in 1836, Constable appended a text to the title: "The mysterious monument of Stonehenge, standing remote on a bare and boundless heath, as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present, carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of a totally unknown period."[22]
Seascape Study with Rain Cloud (c.1824)
In addition to the full-scale oil sketches, Constable completed numerous observational studies of landscapes and clouds, determined to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions. The power of his physical effects was sometimes apparent even in the full-scale paintings which he exhibited in London; The Chain Pier, 1827, for example, prompted a critic to write: "the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it, that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella".[2]
The sketches themselves were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air. To convey the effects of light and movement, Constable used broken brushstrokes, often in small touches, which he scumbled over lighter passages, creating an impression of sparkling light enveloping the entire landscape. One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is Seascape Study with Rain Cloud, painted about 1824 at Brighton, which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes the immediacy of an exploding cumulus shower at sea.[15] Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects, for example in Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, 1831, and in Cottage at East Bergholt, 1833.
To the sky studies he added notes, often on the back of the sketches, of the prevailing weather conditions, direction of light, and time of day, believing that the sky was "the key note, the standard of scale, and the chief organ of sentiment" in a landscape painting.[23] In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the meteorologist Luke Howard on the classification of clouds; Constable's annotations of his own copy of Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena by Thomas Forster show him to have been fully abreast of meteorological terminology.[24] "I have done a good deal of skying", Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821; "I am determined to conquer all difficulties, and that most arduous one among the rest".[25]
Constable once wrote in a letter to Leslie, "My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge, and in every lane, and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up".[26] He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be. Constable's art inspired not only contemporaries like Géricault and Delacroix, but the Barbizon School, and the French impressionists of the late nineteenth century.
Gallery
Boat-building near Flatford Mill 1815, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds c. 1825. As a gesture of appreciation for John Fisher, the Bishop of Salisbury, who commissioned this painting, Constable included the Bishop and his wife in the canvas. Their figures can be seen at the bottom left of the painting, behind the fence and under the shade of the trees.
The Opening of Waterloo Bridge seen from Whitehall Stairs, 18 June 1817, oil on canvas, c. 1832. Tate Britain
Selected paintings
See also Category:Paintings by John Constable for those with their own articles.
Dedham Vale (1802) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Landscape: Two Boys Fishing (1813) – Anglesey Abbey, Cambs, NT
Landscape: Ploughing Scene in Suffolk (1814, revised c.1816 and 1831) – Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT
The Stour Valley And Dedham Village (1814–1815) – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[27]
Boat-building near Flatford Mill (1815) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Golding Constable's Flower Garden (1815) – Ipswich Museum, Ipswich
Golding Constable's Kitchen Garden (1815) – Ipswich Museum, Ipswich
Portrait of Maria Bicknell, Mrs. John Constable (1816) – Tate Gallery, London
Wivenhoe Park, Essex (1816) – National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Flatford Mill (original title Scene on a Navigable River; 1816–17) – Tate Britain
Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill (1816–17) – National Gallery, London
The White Horse (original title A Scene on the river Stour) (1819) – Frick Collection, New York City
Hampstead Heath (1820) – Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Stratford Mill (1820) – National Gallery, London
The Hay Wain (original title Landscape: Noon; 1821) – National Gallery, London
View on the Stour near Dedham (1822) – The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA
Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds (1823) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London
The Lock (1824) – Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Seascape Study with Rain Clouds (1824–25) – Royal Academy of Arts, London
Brighton Beach (c.1824–26) – Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin
The Leaping Horse (1825) – Royal Academy of Arts, London
The Cornfield (1826) – National Gallery, London
Dedham Vale (1828) – National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
Hadleigh Castle (1829) – Yale Center for British Art and sketch Tate Britain
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831) – Private collection; on loan to National Gallery, London
The Opening of Waterloo Bridge seen from Whitehall Stairs, 18 June 1817 (c.1832) – Tate Britain, London
The Valley Farm (1835) – Tate Gallery, London
Arundel Mill and Castle (c.1836–37) – Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH
Constable locations
The Constable tomb
Bridge Cottage is a National Trust property, open to the public. Nearby Flatford Mill and Willie Lott's cottage (the house visible in The Hay Wain) are used by the Field Studies Council for courses. The largest collection of original Constable paintings outside London is on display at Christchurch Mansion in Ipswich.
Notes
"Constable, John," Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Parkinson 1998, p. 9
Constable’s Wivenhoe Park is widely recognized as an important work in the artist’s career.
Parris, Fleming-Williams & Shields 1976, pp. 59–60
Parkinson 1998, p. 15
Thornes 1999, p. 96
Parkinson 1998, p. 17
Parkinson 1998, p. 18
Parkinson 1998, p. 22
Walker 1979
Information from Constable's gravestone
Parkinson 1998, p. 24
Kelder 1980, p. 27
Parkinson 1998, p. 132
Thornes 1999, p. 128
Parkinson 1998, p. 33
http://www.bomford.net/
Mayor 1980, nos 455–460
Parkinson 1998, p. 50
Thornes 1999, p. 51
Parkinson 1998, p. 64
Parkinson 1998, p. 89
Parkinson 1998, p. 110
Thornes 1999, p. 68
Thornes 1999, p. 56
Parkinson 1998, p. 129
"John Constable's Stour Valley location mystery solved". BBC News. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Bibliography
Bailey, Anthony (2007), John Constable: A Kingdom of His Own, London: Vintage, ISBN 978-1-84413-833-3
Constable, Freda (1975), John Constable, Lavenham: Terence Dalton, ISBN 0-900963-54-9
Cormack, Malcolm (1986), Constable, Oxford: Phaidon, ISBN 0-7148-2350-3
Fleming-Williams, Ian (1976), Constable: Landscape Watercolours & Drawings, London: Tate, ISBN 0-905005-10-4
Fleming-Williams, Ian; Parris, Leslie (1984), The Discovery of Constable, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-11248-6
Fraser, John Lloyd (1976), John Constable: 1776–1837, Newton Abbot, UK: Readers Union, ISBN 0-09-125540-6
Gayford, Martin (2009), Constable in Love: Love, Landscape, Money and the Making of a Great Painter, Fig Tree
Holmes, Charles John (2012), John Constable: Illustrated, Kindle: The Bookmill, ISBN 978-0-9567303-6-7
Kelder, Diane (1980), The Great Book of French Impressionism, New York: Abbeville Press, ISBN 0-89659-151-4
Leslie, C. R. (1995), Mayne, Jonathan, ed., Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, London: Phaidon, ISBN 0-7148-3360-6
Lyles,, Anne, editor (2006), Constable: The great landscapes, London: Tate Publishing, ISBN 1-85437-635-7
Mayor, A. Hyatt (1980), Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures (nos 455–60), Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00326-2
Parkinson, Ronald (1998), John Constable: The Man and His Art, London: V&A, ISBN 1-85177-243-X
Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian (1991), Constable, London: Tate, ISBN 1-85437-070-7
Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian (1982), Lionel Constable, London: Tate, ISBN 0-905005-38-4
Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian; Shields, Conal (1976), Constable: Paintings, Watercolours & Drawings, London: Tate Gallery, ISBN 0-905005-15-5
Pool, Phoebe (1964), John Constable, London: Blandford, OCLC 3365016
Reynolds, Graham (1976), Constable: The Natural Painter, St Albans, UK: Panther, ISBN 0-586-04401-9
Reynolds, Graham (1983), Constable's England, New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN 9780870993350
Rhyne, Charles (2006), "The Remarkable Story of the 'Six-Foot Sketches'", Constable: The Great Landscapes, ed. Anne Lyles, London: Tate, ISBN 978-1-85437-635-0
Rhyne, Charles (1990), John Constable: Toward a Complete Chronology, Portland, Oregon: Author, ISBN 0-9627197-0-6
Rosenthal, Michael (1987), Constable, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-20211-7
Rosenthal, Michael (1983), Constable: The Painter and His Landscape, New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03014-2
Smart, Alastair; Brooks, Attfield (1976), Constable and His Country, London: Elek, ISBN 0-236-40011-8
Sunderland, John (1986), Constable, London: Phaidon, ISBN 978-0-7148-2754-4
Thornes, John E. (1999), John Constable's Skies, Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press, ISBN 1-902459-02-4
Vaughan, William (2002), John Constable, London: Tate, ISBN 1-85437-434-6
Walker, John (1979), Constable, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-09133-1
Wilcox, Timothy (2011), Constable and Salisbury. The soul of landscape, London: Scala, ISBN 978-1-85759-678-6
External links
A gallery of Constable's cloud studies
Web feature from Royal Academy of Arts
Constable's Great Landscapes: The Six-Foot Paintings at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
John Constable: a complete chronology and other articles
Constable's Oil Sketches Victoria and Albert Museum
A Sketchbook by Constable Victoria and Albert Museum
List of works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum
390 paintings by John Constable at www.John-Constable.org
John Constable at Find-A-Grave
Gallery of Constable Paintings at MuseumSyndicate
Portraits by the artist as a young man: Constable's parents finally identified, The Guardian, March 4, 2009
Memoirs of the Life of John Constable ed C. R. Leslie 1843
Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection, fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
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