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United Kingdom, See : Flags, Maps

London

London , Sir Walter Besant

South London, Sir Walter Besant

United Kingdom, Gallery

Ancient Man in Britain, by Donald Alexander Mackenzie

Outlines of English History, by John Charles Curtis

Archaic England , Harold Bayley

England, Frank Fox

Social Life in England Through the Centuries, by H. R. Wilton Hall

The Political History of England, Volume I (of 12), Thomas Hodgkin

The Spell of Scotland, by Keith Clark

The Towns of Roman Britain , James Oliver Bevan

English Costume, Dion Clayton Calthrop

English Embroidered Bookbindings, Cyril James Humphries Davenport

Milton's England , Lucia Ames Mead

English Villages, P. H. Ditchfield

Our Journey to the Hebrides, Joseph Pennell and Elizabeth Robins Pennell

The Cathedrals of Great Britain, by P. H. Ditchfield

Cathedral Cities of England, Collins William Wiehe

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Wells, Percy Dearmer

The Seven Periods of English Architecture , Edmund Sharpe

The Cathedral Church of Peterborough, W.D. Sweeting

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Arthur Dimock

Bell's Cathedrals: Chichester (1901) , Hubert C. Corlette

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Winchester, Philip Walsingham Sergeant

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Ely, W. D. Sweeting

The Cathedral Church of York, A. Clutton-Brock

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Norwich, C. H. B. Quennell

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Exeter, Percy Addleshaw

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See , A. Hugh Fisher

Bell's Cathedrals: Southwark Cathedral, George Worley

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Saint Albans, Thomas Perkins

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Carlisle, C. King Eley

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Durham, J. E. Bygate

Bell's Cathedrals: The Abbey Church of Tewkesbury , H. J. L. J. Massé

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Gloucester, H. J. L. J. Massé

Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Salisbury, Gleeson White

Canterbury, Canon Danks

Cornwall , G. E. Mittone

Devonshire, by Francis A. Knight and Louie M. (Knight) Dutton

Memorials of old Durham, Henry R. Leighton

Royal Edinburgh, Margaret Oliphant

Highways and Byways in Surrey, Eric Parker

Hastings and Neighbourhood, Walter Higgins

Yorkshire--Coast & Moorland Scenes, Gordon Home

British Highways And Byways From A Motor Car, Thomas D. Murphy

The Ports, Harbours, Watering-places and Picturesque Scenery of Great Britain Vol. 1, Vol. 2, William Finden

Hammersmith, Fulham and Putney, Geraldine Edith Mitton and John Cunningham Geikie

Hampstead and Marylebone, Geraldine Edith Mitton

The Kensington District, Geraldine Edith Mitton

Holborn and Bloomsbury, Sir Walter Besant and Geraldine Edith Mitton

The Cornwall Coast , Arthur L. Salmon

Chronicles of Strathearn

Yorkshire Battles, by Edward Lamplough

Norfolk Annals , A Chronological Record of Remarkable Events in the 19th Century, Vol. 1, Vol. 2. , Charles Mackie

Mayfair, Belgravia, and Bayswater, Geraldine Edith Mitton

The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight, J. Cecil Hughes

Secret Chambers and Hiding Places, Allan Fea

An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England, Edward Potts Cheyney

Shakespearean Playhouses , Joseph Quincy Adams

British Museum Images

Hero-Myths & Legends of the British Race, Maud Isabel Ebbutt

Cecil Rhodes, Princess Catherine Radziwill

History

An Historical Narrative of the Great and Terrible Fire of London, Sept. 2nd 1666, Gideon Harvey

English Caricaturists and Graphic Humourists of the Nineteenth Century, Graham Everitt

Great Britain and Her Queen, Anne E. Keeling

Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587

The Life of King Edward VII, J. Castell Hopkins

The Handbook to English Heraldry, Charles Boutell

Great Britain and the American Civil War , Ephraim Douglass Adams

On the Spanish Main, John Masefield

The Rise of the Democracy, Joseph Clayton

An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, J. P. MacLean

The British and the Hellenes: struggles for mastery in the eastern mediterranean 1850-1960, Robert F. Holland, Diana Weston Markides

Literature

Shakespeare's Family, Mrs. C. C. Stopes

Shakespeare, William : Hamlet , Othello , Venus and Adonis,

The Poetical Works of John Milton

English Literature, William J. Long

The Story of Lewis Carroll, Isa Bowman

A Short History of English Printing, 1476-1898, Henry R. Plomer

English Book-Illustration of To-day, Rose Esther Dorothea Sketchley

A Literary Pilgrimage Among the Haunts of Famous British Authors, Theodore Frelinghuysen Wolfe

Night and Day , Virginia Woolf

The Voyage Out , Virginia Woolf

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle

Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Agatha Christie

The Secret Adversary, Agatha Christie

Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson

The Jungle Book, Rudyard Kipling

Alice in Wonderland , Lewis Carroll

A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens

Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, J. M. Barrie

Tales from Shakespeare , Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb

Various

The Influence and Development of English Gilds, Francis Aiden Hibbert

Down Under With the Prince, Everard Cotes

The History of the Fabian Society, Edward R. Pease

The Story of the Guides, G. J. Younghusband

Old Coloured Books, George Paston

Some Old Time Beauties, Thomson Willing

English Coins and Tokens , Barclay V. Head and Llewellynn Frederick William Jewitt

Heraldry as art, G. W. Eve

Art

ENGLISH

Artist from UK

The Works of William Hogarth: In a Series of Engravings, John Trusler

A history of British art, Andrew Graham-Dixon

The King's artists: the Royal Academy of Arts and the politics of British culture, 1760-1840, Holger Hoock

American Indians in British art, 1700-1840, Stephanie Pratt

J.M.W. Turner: 1775-1851 : the world of light and colour, Michael Bockemühl

Blake's Gifts: Poetry and the Politics of Exchange, Sarah Haggarty

Paul Mellon's legacy: a passion for British art : masterpieces from the Yale ..., John Baskett

Great British watercolors:from the Paul Mellon collection at the Yale Center for British Art, Matthew Hargraves, Yale Center for British Art, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

The Victorian nude: sexuality, morality, and art, Alison Smith

Women in the Victorian art world, Clarissa Campbell Orr

Bodybuilding: reforming masculinities in British art 1750-1810, Martin Myrone

British and Irish paintings in public collections: an index of British and Irish Oil paintings, Christopher Wright, Catherine May Gordon, Mary Peskett Smith

Contemporary British women artists: in their own words, Rebecca Fortnum

War paint: art, war, state and identity in Britain, 1939-1945, Brian Foss

The public art museum in nineteenth century Britain: the development of the national gallery, Christopher Whitehead

Impressions of the Caribbean - The Paintings of Janice Sylvia Brock

Picturing imperial power: colonial subjects in eighteenth-century British painting, Beth Fowkes Tobin

Public sculpture of Birmingham: including Sutton Coldfield, George Thomas Noszlopy, Jeremy Beach, National Recording Project (Public Monuments and Sculpture Association)

Public sculpture of Greater Manchester, Terry Wyke, Harry Cocks

Public sculpture of Glasgow, Volume 2001, Raymond McKenzie, Gary Nisbet

Public sculpture of Liverpool, Terry Cavanagh, National Recording Project (Public Monuments and Sculpture Association)

Public sculpture of Staffordshire and the Black Country, George Thomas Noszlopy, Fiona Waterhouse

Public sculpture of Warwickshire, Coventry and Solihull, George Thomas Noszlopy

Public sculpture of Leicestershire and Rutland, Terry Cavanagh, Alison Yarrington

Public sculpture of North-East England, Paul Usherwood, Jeremy Beach, Catherine Morris, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, National Recording Project (Public Monuments and Sculpture Association)

Public sculpture of the city of London, Philip Ward-Jackson

Introduction
Background

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was created when the Kingdoms of England and Scotland -- which previously had been distinct states under a single monarchy -- were joined under the 1707 Acts of Union. The island of Ireland was incorporated under the 1800 Acts of Union, while Wales had been part of the Kingdom of England since the 16th century. The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rapid expansion of the British Empire despite the loss of the Thirteen Colonies, and at its zenith in the early 20th century, the British Empire stretched over one fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw two World Wars seriously deplete the UK's strength and the Irish Republic withdraw from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth of Nations, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The devolved Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1998.

The UK was an active member of the EU after its accession in 1973, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. However, motivated in part by frustration at a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens in 2016 voted by 52 to 48 percent to leave the EU. On 31 January 2020, the UK became the only country to depart the EU -- a move known as "Brexit" -- after prolonged negotiations on EU-UK economic and security relationships.

Geography
Location

Western Europe, islands - including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland - between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea; northwest of France
Geographic coordinates

54 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references

Europe
Area

total : 243,610 sq km

land: 241,930 sq km

water: 1,680 sq km

note 1: the percentage area breakdown of the four UK countries is: England 53%, Scotland 32%, Wales 9%, and Northern Ireland 6%

note 2: includes Rockall and the Shetland Islands, which are part of Scotland

comparison ranking: total 80
Area - comparative

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Area comparison map:

Land boundaries

total: 499 km

border countries (1): Ireland 499 km
Coastline

12,429 km
Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate

temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
Terrain

mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast
Elevation

highest point: Ben Nevis 1,345 m

lowest point: The Fens -4 m

mean elevation: 162 m
Natural resources

coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land
Land use

agricultural land: 71% (2018 est.)

arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)

other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land

718 sq km (2018)
Population distribution

the core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters found in central Britain around Manchester and Liverpool, in the Scottish lowlands between Edinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast
Natural hazards

winter windstorms; floods
Geography - note

lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel (the Channel Tunnel or Chunnel); because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
People and Society
Population

total: 68,459,055 United Kingdom

male: 34,005,445

female: 34,453,610 (2024 est.)

comparison rankings: female 22; male 21; total 21
Nationality

noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)

adjective: British
Ethnic groups

White 87.2%, Black/African/Caribbean/black British 3%, Asian/Asian British: Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other 3.7% (2011 est.)
Languages

English

note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)
Religions

Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.)
Age structure

0-14 years: 16.7% (male 5,872,937/female 5,592,665)

15-64 years: 63.9% (male 22,062,643/female 21,702,401)

65 years and over: 19.3% (2024 est.) (male 6,069,865/female 7,158,544)
2023 population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.7

youth dependency ratio: 27.8

elderly dependency ratio: 29.8

potential support ratio: 3.4 (2021 est.)
Median age

total: 40.8 years (2024 est.)

male: 40.1 years

female: 41.5 years

comparison ranking: total 58
Population growth rate

0.45% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 154
Birth rate

10.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 170
Death rate

9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 53
Net migration rate

2.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 39
Population distribution

the core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters found in central Britain around Manchester and Liverpool, in the Scottish lowlands between Edinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast
Urbanization

urban population: 84.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Major urban areas - population

9.648 million LONDON (capital), 2.791 million Manchester, 2.665 million Birmingham, 1.929 million West Yorkshire, 1.698 million Glasgow, 952,000 Southampton/Portsmouth (2023)
Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth

29 years (2018 est.)

note: data represents England and Wales only
Maternal mortality ratio

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 145
Infant mortality rate

total: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 190
Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)

male: 80.1 years

female: 84.4 years

comparison ranking: total population 33
Total fertility rate

1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 177
Gross reproduction rate

0.8 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate

76.1% (2010/12)

note: percent of women aged 16-49
Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Current health expenditure

12% of GDP (2020)
Physician density

3 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density

2.5 beds/1,000 population (2019)
Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99.8% of population

rural: 99.8% of population

total: 99.8% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.2% of population

rural: 0.2% of population

total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate

27.8% (2016)

comparison ranking: 36
Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 9.8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 3.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 3.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 2.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.61 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total 24
Tobacco use

total: 15.4% (2020 est.)

male: 17.3% (2020 est.)

female: 13.5% (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 102
Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA
Currently married women (ages 15-49)

50.7% (2023 est.)
Child marriage

women married by age 18: 0.1% (2020 est.)
Education expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 55
Literacy

total population: NA

male: NA

female: NA
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 17 years

male: 17 years

female: 18 years (2020)

Environment
Environment - current issues

air pollution improved but remains a concern, particularly in the London region; soil pollution from pesticides and heavy metals; decline in marine and coastal habitats brought on by pressures from housing, tourism, and industry
Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate

temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
Land use

agricultural land: 71% (2018 est.)

arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)

other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
Urbanization

urban population: 84.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Revenue from forest resources

0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 154
Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 181
Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 9.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 379.02 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 49.16 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 31.567 million tons (2014 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 8,602,008 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 27.3% (2015 est.)
Total water withdrawal

municipal: 6.23 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 1.01 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 1.18 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Total renewable water resources

147 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 9

global geoparks and regional networks: Black Country; Cuilcagh Lakelands (includes Ireland); English Riviera; Fforest Fawr; GeoMôn; Mourne Gullion Strangford; North Pennines AONB; North-West Highlands; Shetland (2023)

Government
Country name

conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - the island of Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales

conventional short form: United Kingdom

abbreviation: UK

etymology: self-descriptive country name; the designation "Great Britain," in the sense of "Larger Britain," dates back to medieval times and was used to distinguish the island from "Little Britain," or Brittany in modern France; the name Ireland derives from the Gaelic "Eriu," the matron goddess of Ireland (goddess of the land)
Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital

name: London

geographic coordinates: 51 30 N, 0 05 W

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

time zone note: the time statements apply to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories

etymology: the name derives from the Roman settlement of Londinium, established on the current site of London around A.D. 43; the original meaning of the name is uncertain
Administrative divisions

England: 24 two-tier counties, 32 London boroughs and 1 City of London or Greater London, 36 metropolitan districts, 59 unitary authorities (including 4 single-tier counties*);

two-tier counties: Cambridgeshire, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, North Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Sussex, Worcestershire

London boroughs and City of London or Greater London: Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames, Lambeth, Lewisham, City of London, Merton, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Westminster

metropolitan districts: Barnsley, Birmingham, Bolton, Bradford, Bury, Calderdale, Coventry, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Kirklees, Knowlsey, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Oldham, Rochdale, Rotherham, Salford, Sandwell, Sefton, Sheffield, Solihull, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport, Sunderland, Tameside, Trafford, Wakefield, Walsall, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton

unitary authorities: Bath and North East Somerset; Bedford; Blackburn with Darwen; Blackpool; Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole; Bracknell Forest; Brighton and Hove; City of Bristol; Buckinghamshire; Central Bedfordshire; Cheshire East; Cheshire West and Chester; Cornwall; Darlington; Derby; Dorset; Durham County*; East Riding of Yorkshire; Halton; Hartlepool; Herefordshire*; Isle of Wight*; Isles of Scilly; City of Kingston upon Hull; Leicester; Luton; Medway; Middlesbrough; Milton Keynes; North East Lincolnshire; North Lincolnshire; North Northamptonshire; North Somerset; Northumberland*; Nottingham; Peterborough; Plymouth; Portsmouth; Reading; Redcar and Cleveland; Rutland; Shropshire; Slough; South Gloucestershire; Southampton; Southend-on-Sea; Stockton-on-Tees; Stoke-on-Trent; Swindon; Telford and Wrekin; Thurrock; Torbay; Warrington; West Berkshire; West Northamptonshire; Wiltshire; Windsor and Maidenhead; Wokingham; York

Northern Ireland: 5 borough councils, 4 district councils, 2 city councils;

borough councils: Antrim and Newtownabbey; Ards and North Down; Armagh City, Banbridge, and Craigavon; Causeway Coast and Glens; Mid and East Antrim

district councils: Derry City and Strabane; Fermanagh and Omagh; Mid Ulster; Newry, Murne, and Down

city councils: Belfast; Lisburn and Castlereagh

Scotland: 32 council areas;

council areas: Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Clackmannanshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross, Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire, Stirling, The Scottish Borders, West Dunbartonshire, West Lothian

Wales: 22 unitary authorities;

unitary authorities: Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd, Isle of Anglesey, Merthyr Tydfil, Monmouthshire, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Pembrokeshire, Powys, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Swansea, The Vale of Glamorgan, Torfaen, Wrexham
Dependent areas

Anguilla; Bermuda; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands (12)
Independence

no official date of independence: 927 (minor English kingdoms unite); 3 March 1284 (enactment of the Statute of Rhuddlan uniting England and Wales); 1536 (Act of Union formally incorporates England and Wales); 1 May 1707 (Acts of Union formally unite England, Scotland, and Wales as Great Britain); 1 January 1801 (Acts of Union formally unite Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland); 6 December 1921 (Anglo-Irish Treaty formalizes partition of Ireland; six counties remain part of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland); 12 April 1927 (Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act establishes current name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
National holiday

the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday
Legal system

common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998
Constitution

history: uncoded; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

amendments: proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); many previous, last in 2020 - The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020
International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the United Kingdom

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage

18 years of age; universal
Executive branch

chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022)

head of government: Prime Minister Keir STARMER (Labor) (since 5 July 2024)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to be held no later than 28 January 2025)

note 1: in addition to serving as the UK head of state, the British sovereign is the constitutional monarch for 14 additional Commonwealth countries (these 15 states are each referred to as a Commonwealth realm)

note 2: King CHARLES succeeded his mother, Queen ELIZABETH II, after serving as Prince of Wales (heir apparent) for over 64 years - the longest such tenure in British history
Legislative branch

legislature name: UK Parliament

legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: House of Commons

number of seats: 650 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 7/4/2024

parties elected and seats per party: Labour Party (411); Conservative Party (121); Liberal Democrats (72); Other (46)

percentage of women in chamber: 40.5%

expected date of next election: July 2029
Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: House of Lords

number of seats: 800 (all appointed)

percentage of women in chamber: 29%

note: the number of total seats in the House of Lords does not include ineligible members or members on leave of absence
Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 12 justices, including the court president and deputy president); note - the Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and implemented in 2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords as the highest court in the United Kingdom

judge selection and term of office: judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, followed by their recommendations to the prime minister, and appointed by the monarch; justices serve for life

subordinate courts: England and Wales: Court of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions); High Court; Crown Court; County Courts; Magistrates' Courts; Scotland: Court of Sessions; Sheriff Courts; High Court of Justiciary; tribunals; Northern Ireland: Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland; High Court; county courts; magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals
Political parties

Alliance Party or APNI (Northern Ireland)
Conservative and Unionist Party
Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland)
Green Party of England and Wales or Greens
Labor (Labour) Party
Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems)
Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru)
Reform UK
Scottish National Party or SNP
Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland)
Traditional Unionist Voice or TUV
UK Independence Party or UKIP
Ulster Unionist Party or UUP (Northern Ireland)
Workers Party of Great Britian
International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, C, CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNSOM, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Karen Elizabeth PIERCE (since 8 April 2020)

chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 588-6500

FAX: [1] (202) 588-7870

email address and website:
ukin.washington@fcdo.gov.uk

https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-washington

consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Jane HARTLEY (since 19 July 2022)

embassy: 33 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW11 7US

mailing address: 8400 London Place, Washington DC 20521-8400

telephone: [44] (0) 20-7499-9000

FAX: [44] (0) 20-7891-3845

email address and website:
SCSLondon@state.gov

https://uk.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh
Flag description

blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories
National symbol(s)

lion (Britain in general); lion, Tudor rose, oak (England); lion, unicorn, thistle (Scotland); dragon, daffodil, leek (Wales); shamrock, flax (Northern Ireland); national colors: red, white, blue (Britain in general); red, white (England); blue, white (Scotland); red, white, green (Wales)
National anthem

name: "God Save the King"

lyrics/music: unknown

note: in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the UK; it is known as either "God Save the Queen" or "God Save the King," depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations
National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 33 (28 cultural, 4 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in Bermuda

selected World Heritage Site locales: Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast (n); Ironbridge Gorge (c); Stonehenge, Avebury, and Associated Sites (c); Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (c); Blenheim Palace (c); City of Bath (c); Tower of London (c); St Kilda (m); Maritime Greenwich (c); Old and New Towns of Edinburgh (c); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (c); The English Lake District (c)

Economy
Economic overview

high-income, diversified, non-EU European economy; global financial center and dominant service sector; sluggish growth from stringent monetary policy, reduced business investment, low productivity and participation rates, and post-Brexit trade frictions; fiscal austerity in face of high public debt
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$3.728 trillion (2023 est.)
$3.715 trillion (2022 est.)
$3.544 trillion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 10
Real GDP growth rate

0.34% (2023 est.)
4.84% (2022 est.)
8.67% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 184
Real GDP per capita

$54,500 (2023 est.)
$54,800 (2022 est.)
$52,900 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 37
GDP (official exchange rate)

$3.381 trillion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.79% (2023 est.)
7.92% (2022 est.)
2.52% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

comparison ranking: 143
Credit ratings

Fitch rating: AA- (2020)

Moody's rating: Aaa (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: AA (2016)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.6% (2023 est.)

industry: 17.5% (2023 est.)

services: 72.5% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

comparison rankings: services 30; industry 157; agriculture 194
GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 61.1% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 20.5% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 17.6% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: -0.4% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 31.7% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -32.2% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products

milk, wheat, barley, sugar beets, potatoes, chicken, rapeseed, oats, pork, beef (2022)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries

machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods
Industrial production growth rate

-0.07% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 149
Labor force

35.193 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

comparison ranking: 19
Unemployment rate

4.06% (2023 est.)
3.73% (2022 est.)
4.83% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

comparison ranking: 77
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 12.5% (2023 est.)

male: 14.5% (2023 est.)

female: 10.5% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

comparison ranking: total 111
Population below poverty line

18.6% (2017 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

32.4 (2021 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

comparison ranking: 108
Average household expenditures

on food: 8.5% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.4% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 24.6% (2021 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances

0.13% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.13% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.11% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget

revenues: $1.136 trillion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $1.291 trillion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt

138.19% of GDP (2023 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 5
Taxes and other revenues

27.32% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 32
Current account balance

-$66.448 billion (2023 est.)
-$70.962 billion (2022 est.)
-$13.852 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

comparison ranking: 206
Exports

$1.071 trillion (2023 est.)
$1.041 trillion (2022 est.)
$916.573 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 4
Exports - partners

US 13%, Netherlands 9%, Germany 9%, China 8%, Ireland 7% (2022)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities

gold, cars, gas turbines, crude petroleum, packaged medicine (2022)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports

$1.09 trillion (2023 est.)
$1.1 trillion (2022 est.)
$923.549 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 5
Imports - partners

China 12%, Germany 10%, US 10%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 5% (2022)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities

natural gas, cars, crude petroleum, gold, garments (2022)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$177.915 billion (2023 est.)
$176.41 billion (2022 est.)
$194.181 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

comparison ranking: 18
Debt - external

(2019)
Exchange rates

British pounds (GBP) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.805 (2023 est.)
0.811 (2022 est.)
0.727 (2021 est.)
0.78 (2020 est.)
0.783 (2019 est.)

Energy
Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 99.9%

electrification - rural areas: 100%
Electricity

installed generating capacity: 111.02 million kW (2022 est.)

consumption: 287.128 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports: 20.793 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports: 15.451 billion kWh (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 26.125 billion kWh (2022 est.)

comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 194; imports 16; exports 13; consumption 16; installed generating capacity 13
Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 41.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

nuclear: 13.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar: 4.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind: 25.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

biomass and waste: 13.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 9 (2023)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 2 (2023)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 5.88GW (2023 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 12.5% (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 36 (2023)
Coal

production: 1.891 million metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption: 8.568 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports: 691,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports: 7.792 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves: 26 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Petroleum

total petroleum production: 753,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 1.397 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 2.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas

production: 37.758 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

consumption: 70.141 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

exports: 23.475 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports: 56.501 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves: 180.661 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions

353.407 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 19.558 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 194.001 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 139.848 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 17
Energy consumption per capita

99.499 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: 52
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 29.798 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 44 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 6
Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 81.564 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 20
Telecommunication systems

general assessment: UK’s telecom market remains one of the largest in Europe, characterized by competition, affordable pricing, and its technologically advanced systems; mobile penetration above the EU average; government to invest in infrastructure and 5G technologies with ambition for a fully-fibered nation by 2033; operators expanded the reach of 5G services in 2020; super-fast broadband available to about 95% of customers; London is developing smart city technology, in collaboration with private, tech, and academic sectors (2021)

domestic: fixed-line is 48 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 120 per 100 (2021)

international: country code - 44; Landing points for the GTT Atlantic, Scotland-Northern Ireland -1, & -2, Lanis 1,-2, &-3, Sirius North, BT-MT-1, SHEFA-2, BT Highlands and Islands Submarine Cable System, Northern Lights, FARICE-1, Celtic Norse, Tampnet Offshore FOC Network, England Cable, CC-2, E-LLan, Sirius South, ESAT -1 & -2, Rockabill, Geo-Eirgrid, UK-Netherlands-14, Circle North & South, Ulysses2, Conceto, Farland North, Pan European Crossing, Solas, Swansea-Bream, GTT Express, Tata TGN-Atlantic & -Western Europe, Apollo, EIG, Glo-1, TAT-14, Yellow, Celtic, FLAG Atlantic-1, FEA, Isle of Scilly Cable, UK-Channel Islands-8 and SeaMeWe-3 submarine cables providing links throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Australia, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2019)
Broadcast media

public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along with satellite and cable systems provide access to hundreds of TV stations throughout the world; BBC operates multiple national, regional, and local radio networks with multiple transmission sites; a large number of commercial radio stations, as well as satellite radio services are available (2018)
Internet country code

.uk
Internet users

total: 64.99 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 97% (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total 16
Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 27,330,297 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 8
Communications - note

note 1: the British Library claims to be the largest library in the world with well over 150 million items and in most known languages; it receives copies of all books produced in the UK or Ireland, as well as a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK; in addition to books (print and digital), holdings include: journals, manuscripts, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, maps, prints, patents, and drawings

note 2: on 1 May 1840, the United Kingdom led the world with the introduction of postage stamps; the Austrian Empire had examined the idea of an "adhesive tax postmark" for the prepayment of postage in 1835; while the suggestion was reviewed in detail, it was rejected for the time being; other countries (including Austria) soon followed the UK's example with their own postage stamps; by the 1860s, most countries were issuing stamps; originally, stamps had to be cut from sheets; the UK issued the first postage stamps with perforations in 1854
Transportation
National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 20 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 794

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 165,388,610 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,198,370,000 (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

G
Airports

1,043 (2024)

comparison ranking: 6
Heliports

92 (2024)
Pipelines

502 km condensate, 9 km condensate/gas, 28,603 km gas, 59 km liquid petroleum gas, 5,256 km oil, 175 km oil/gas/water, 4,919 km refined products, 255 km water (2013)
Railways

total: 16,390 km (2020) 6,167 km electrified

comparison ranking: total 18
Roadways

total: 416,461 km (2022)

comparison ranking: total 15
Waterways

3,200 km (2009) (620 km used for commerce)

comparison ranking: 33
Merchant marine

total: 868 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 34, container ship 46, general cargo 62, oil tanker 13, other 713

note: includes Channel Islands (total fleet 2; general cargo 1, other 1); excludes Isle of Man

comparison ranking: total 29
Ports

total ports: 185 (2024)

large: 7

medium: 24

small: 67

very small: 86

size unknown: 1

ports with oil terminals: 67

key ports: Aberdeen, Barrow-in-Furness, Barry, Belfast, Blyth, Bristol, Cardiff, Dundee, Falmouth Harbour, Glasgow, Greenock, Grimsby, Immingham, Kingston-upon-Hull, Leith, Lerwick, Liverpool, London, Londonderry, Lyness, Manchester, Milford Haven, Newport, Peterhead, Plymouth, Portland Harbour, Portsmouth Harbour, Southampton, Sunderland, Teesport, Tynemouth
Transportation - note

begun in 1988 and completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel) is a 50.5-km (31.4-mi) rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover that runs from Folkestone, Kent, England to Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in northern France; it is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and mainland Europe

Military and Security
Military and security forces

United Kingdom Armed Forces (aka British Armed Forces, aka His Majesty's Armed Forces): British Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2024)
Military expenditures

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
2.3% of GDP (2023)
2.3% of GDP (2022)
2.3% of GDP (2021)
2.4% of GDP (2020)

comparison ranking: 52
Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 145,000 regular forces (80,000 Army including the Gurkhas; 33,000 Navy including the Royal Marines; 32,000 Air Force) (2024)

note: the military also has approximately 40-45,000 reserves and other personnel on active duty
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the inventory of the British military is comprised mostly of domestically produced weapons and equipment, with a smaller mix of some imported Western weapons systems, particularly from the US; the UK defense industry is capable of producing a wide variety of air, land, and sea weapons systems and is one of the world's top weapons suppliers; it also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the research and development of weapons systems (2024)
Military service age and obligation

some variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in all military services including combat roles; conscription abolished in 1963 (2024)

note 1: women made up 11.7% of the military's full-time personnel in 2024

note 2: the British military allows Commonwealth nationals who are current UK residents and have been in the country for at least 5 years to apply; it also accepts Irish citizens

note 3: the British Army has continued the historic practice of recruiting Gurkhas from Nepal to serve in the Brigade of Gurkhas; the British began to recruit Nepalese citizens (Gurkhas) into the East India Company Army during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816); the Gurkhas subsequently were brought into the British Indian Army and by 1914, there were 10 Gurkha regiments, collectively known as the Gurkha Brigade; following the partition of India in 1947, an agreement between Nepal, India, and Great Britain allowed for the transfer of the 10 regiments from the British Indian Army to the separate British and Indian armies; four of the regiments were transferred to the British Army, where they have since served continuously as the Brigade of Gurkhas
Military deployments

the British military has more than 8,000 personnel on permanent or long-term rotational deployments around the globe in support of NATO, UN, or other commitments and agreements; key deployments include approximately 1,000 in Brunei, approximately 2,500 in Cyprus (includes 250 for UNFICYP), approximately 900-1,000 in Estonia (NATO), over 1,000 in the Falkland Islands, 500-600 in Gibraltar, and more than 1,000 in the Middle East; its air and naval forces conduct missions on a global basis; the British military also participates in large scale NATO exercises, including providing some 16,000 personnel for the 6-month 2024 Steadfast Defender exercise (2024)
Military - note

the British military has a long history, a global presence, and a wide range of missions and responsibilities; these responsibilities include protecting the UK, its territories, national interests, and values, preventing conflict, providing humanitarian assistance, participating in international peacekeeping, building relationships, and fulfilling the UK’s alliance and treaty commitments; in addition to its role in the UN, the UK is a leading member of NATO and has made considerable military contributions to NATO missions in such places as Afghanistan, the Baltics, and Iraq, as well the Baltic and Mediterranean seas and the waters of the North Atlantic

the UK is a member of the Five Power Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK; in 2014, the UK led the formation of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF), a pool of high-readiness military forces from the Baltic and Scandinavian countries intended to respond to a wide range of contingencies both in peacetime and in times of crisis or conflict; the UK military also has strong bilateral ties with a variety of foreign militaries, particularly the US, with which it has a mutual defense treaty; British and US military forces have routinely operated side-by-side across a wide range of operations; other close military relationships include Australia, France, Germany, and the Netherlands; in 2010, for example, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations

the British Armed Forces were formed in 1707 as the armed forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain when England and Scotland merged under the terms of the Treaty of Union; while the origins of the armed forces of England and Scotland stretch back to the Middle Ages, the first standing armies for England and Scotland were organized in the 1600s while the navies were formed in the 1500s; the Royal Marines were established in 1755; the Royal Air Force was created in April 1918 by the merger of the British Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Admiralty's Royal Naval Air Service (2024)
Space
Space agency/agencies

UK Space Agency (UKSA; established in 2010); the UKSA replaced the British National Space Center (BNSC; organized in 1985); UK Space Command (formed 2021) (2024)
Space launch site(s)

Spaceport 1 (Outer Hebrides, Scotland; operational 2023); Spaceport Machrihanish (Argyll, Scotland; operational 2024); Glasgow Prestwick (South Ayrshire, Scotland; operational 2024 for horizontal launches); Spaceport Snowdonia (Gwynedd, Wales; operational 2024); SaxaVord UK Spaceport (Unst, Shetland Islands; operational 2023); Sutherland Spaceport (Sutherland, Scotland; operational 2024); Sutherland, Scotland (Cornwall Airport Newquay, Cornwall; operational 2023 for horizontal launches) (2024)
Space program overview

has a comprehensive space program and is active across all areas of the space sector outside of launching humans into space, including satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs)/rockets and their components, space probes, satellites and satellite subcomponents, space sensors, spaceports, and various other space-related technologies; as a founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA), it is heavily involved in ESA programs and has bi-lateral relations with many members; is a close partner of the US NASA and since 2016 has forged over 350 relationships with international organizations across nearly 50 developing countries; has a large commercial space sector that produces SLVs, SLV components, satellites, satellite subcomponents and sensors, and other space-related technologies; the UK has a space industrial plan, and the UKSA has provided funding to encourage and support commercial space projects (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Continuity Irish Republican Army; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); New Irish Republican Army; al-Qa'ida

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 21,904 (Iran), 15,615 (Eritrea), 11,371 (Sudan), 12,155 (Syria), 10,259 (Afghanistan), 8,009 (Pakistan), 7,699 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 255,060 (Ukraine) (as of 12 March 2024)

stateless persons: 5,483 (2022)
Illicit drugs

a major consumer and transshipment point, though not a source, for illicit drugs; among the highest consumer of heroin and cocaine in Europe; one of the largest markets for cannabis; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

World

Index

Hellenica World - Scientific Library