Domenichino
Paintings
The Vision of Saint Jerome
A Virgin with a Unicorn
Landscape with Moses and the Burning Bush
Saint George killing the Dragon
Landscape with Tobias laying hold of the Fish
The Lamentation
The Way to Calvary
Saint John the Evangelist
The Rebuke of Adam and Eve
The Sacrifice of Isaac
Diana and Actaeon
Assassination of St. Peter Martyr
Landscape with Hercules and Acheloüs
Drawings
Domenichino and assistants
Apollo slaying Coronis
Apollo and Neptune advising Laomedon
The Transformation of Cyparissus
Mercury stealing the Herds of Admetus
Apollo killing the Cyclops
The Flaying of Marsyas
The Judgement of Midas
Apollo pursuing Daphne
Domenico Zampieri (or Domenichino; October 21, 1581 – April 6, 1641) was an Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School, or Carracci School, of painters. Domenichino was born at Bologna, son of a shoemaker, and there initially studied under Denis Calvaert. After quarreling with Calvaert, he left to work in the Accademia degli Incamminati of the Carracci where, because of his small stature, he was nicknamed Domenichino, meaning "little Domenico" in Italian. He left Bologna for Rome in 1602 and became one of the most talented apprentices to emerge from Annibale Carracci's supervision. As a young artist in Rome he lived with his slightly older Bolognese colleagues Albani and Guido Reni, and worked alongside Lanfranco, who later would become a chief rival.
In addition to assisting Annibale with completion of his frescoes in the Galleria Farnese, including A Virgin with a Unicorn (c. 1604–05), he painted three of his own frescoes in the Loggia del Giardino of the Palazzo Farnese c. 1603–04. With the support of Monsignor Giovanni Battista Agucchi, the maggiordomo to Cardinal Aldobrandini and later Gregory XV, and Giovanni’s brother Cardinal Girolamo Agucchi, Domenichino obtained further commissions in Rome. His most important project of the first decade was decoration of the Cappella dei Santissimi Fondatori in the medieval basilica of the Abbey of Grottaferrata (1608–10), some 20 kilometers outside Rome, where Odoardo Farnese was the titular abbot. Meanwhile he had completed frescoes c. 1604–05 in the church of Sant'Onofrio, feigned stucco decoration of 1606–07 in the Palazzo Mattei, a large scene of The Flagellation of St. Andrew at San Gregorio Magno, painted in competition with a fresco by Reni that faces it, and a ceiling with Scenes from the Life of Diana, 1609, in the Villa Odescalchi at Bassano di Sutri (today Bassano Romano).
Following Annibale Carracci's death in 1609, Annibale's Bolognese pupils, foremost Domenichino, Albani, Reni and Lanfranco, became the leading painters in Rome (Caravaggio had left Rome in 1606 and his followers there did not compete successfully with the Bolognese for fresco or altarpiece commissions). One of Domenichino's masterpieces, his frescoes of Scenes of the Life of Saint Cecilia in the Polet Chapel of San Luigi dei Francesi, was commissioned in 1612 and completed in 1615. Concurrently he painted his first, and most celebrated, altarpiece, The Last Communion of St. Jerome for the church of San Girolamo della Carità (signed and dated, 1614). It subsequently would be judged as being comparable to Raphael's great Transfiguration and even as "the best picture in the world".
Domenichino - Landscape with Tobias
By late 1616, Domenichino had designed the coffered ceiling with The Assumption of the Virgin in Santa Maria in Trastevere; and he had begun a cycle of ten frescoes depicting the Life of Apollo in a garden pavilion of the Villa Aldobrandini (Belvedere) in Frascati, where he was assisted by Giovanni Battista Viola, a Bolognese artist who, like Domenichino himself, was a pioneer in the development of classicistic landscape painting. From 1617 until 1621, Domenichino was absent from Rome, working in Bologna and at Fano, where during 1618–19 he frescoed the Nolfi chapel of the Fano Cathedral with Scenes from the Life of the Virgin.
With the election of a Bolognese pope (Gregory XV) in 1621, Domenichino returned to Rome. Appointed Papal Architect (he built little but left drawings for various projects, most notably for the façade of Sant'Andrea della Valle and for the plan of Sant'Ignazio, both in Rome), he nonetheless continued to be most active as a painter, obtaining many commissions for altarpieces in Roman churches (San Lorenzo in Miranda, 1626–27, SS. Giovanni Evangelista e Petronio dei Bolognesi, 1626–29, Santa Maria della Vittoria, 1629–30, and St. Peter's, 1625–30). He also executed numerous frescoes in Rome during the 1620s: a ceiling in the Palazzo Costaguti (c. 1622); the choir and pendentives in Sant'Andrea della Valle, where he worked in fierce competition with Lanfranco, who painted the dome above Domenichino's pendentives; and the pendentives of San Silvestro al Quirinale (c. 1628) and San Carlo ai Catinari (1628–30).
In spite of his activity in Rome, Domenichino decided to leave the city in 1631 to take up the most prestigious, and very lucrative, commission in Naples, the decoration of the Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro of the Naples Cathedral. His Scenes from the Life of San Gennaro occupied him for the rest of his life. He painted four large lunettes, four pendentives, and twelve scenes in the soffits of the arches, all in fresco, plus three large altarpieces in oil on copper. He died, perhaps by poison at the hands of the jealous Cabal of Naples, before completing the fourth altarpiece or the cupola, which was subsequently frescoed by Lanfranco.
The Sacrifice of Isaac, 1627 - 1628
At the time of his death, Domenichino's chief assistant was an obscure painter from Assisi, Francesco Raspantino, who inherited his master's studio. Earlier, Domenichino's principal pupils were Alessandro Fortuna, Giovanni Battista Ruggieri, Antonio Alberti called Barbalonga, Francesco Cozza, Andrea Camassei, and Giovanni Angelo Canini. Others who studied in his studio include Poussin, Pietro Testa, and his future biographer, Giovanni Pietro Bellori.
Ideas on art
A Virgin with a Unicorn, c. 1604–05, fresco in Palazzo Farnese, Rome, after a design by Annibale Carracci
Domenichino's work, developed principally from Raphael's and the Carracci's examples, mirrors the theoretical ideas of his friend Giovanni Battista Agucchi, with whom the painter collaborated on a Treatise on Painting. The portrait of Agucchi in York used to be attributed to Domenichino, but is now thought to be by Annibale Carracci, another friend.
It represents what would become known as classic-idealist art, which aims to surpass the imperfections of nature by developing an "Idea of Beauty" (idea del bello) through the study and imitation of the best examples of ancient and Renaissance art. Imitation in this sense is not copying but a creative process inspired by rhetorical theory whereby revered models are not only emulated but surpassed. One of the most famous incidents in the history of art that centered on concepts of Imitation arose when Lanfranco accused Domenichino of plagiarism, specifically of having stolen the design of his great Last Communion of St. Jerome from an altarpiece of the same subject in Bologna by his former teacher, Agostino Carracci. To prove his point, Lanfranco circulated a print after Agostino's painting, prompting painters and critics to take sides, most of whom—including Poussin and the antiquarian-critic-biographer Bellori—strongly defended Domenichino's work as being praiseworthy imitation.
In addition to his interest in the theory of painting (he was well educated and bookish), Domenichino was devoted to music, not as a performer but to the invention of instruments suited to the stile moderno or to what Monteverdi dubbed the seconda pratica. Like Domenichino's paintings, its sources were in ancient models and aimed at clarity of expression capable of moving its audience. As the Florentine composer Giulio Caccini held and Domenichino surely believed, the aim of the composer/artist was to "move the passion of the mind". To achieve that goal, Domenichino paid particular attention to expressive gestures. Some 1750 drawings in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle attest to the assiduous study underlying Domenichino's work—figural, architectural, decorative, landscape, even caricature—and to the painter's brilliance as a draftsman. In Roger de Piles' Balance of 1708, an effort to quantify and compare the greatness of painters in four categories (no artist ever achieved a score above 18 in any category), the French critic awarded Domenichino 17 points for drawing (dessein), 17 for expression, 15 for composition, yet only 9 as a colorist. Domenichino's composite score of 58 nonetheless was surpassed only by Raphael and Rubens, and it equalled that of the Carracci.
Criticism from Ruskin
The Balance reflects Domenichino's high standing in the history of European taste— until John Ruskin in the 1840s wrote his devastating attacks on Bolognese Baroque painting in his Modern Painters. The Carracci and their followers were condemned by Ruskin as being "insincere". For Ruskin, there was no entirely sincere nor any great art from the seventeenth century and all was doubly damned as being "eclectic". Modern scholarship, led by Luigi Serra, John Pope-Hennessy, Evelina Borea and Richard Spear, who in 1982 published the first catalogue raisonné of all of Domenichino's paintings and preparatory drawings, has resurrected the artist from the Victorian graveyard and reestablished his place among the most important and influential painters of seventeenth-century Italy. In 1996 the first major exhibition of his work was held at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome.
Selected works
Portrait of Giovanni Battista Agucchi, c. 1621, City Art Gallery, York
Saint John the Evangelist, 1621–29 (auctioned in London in December 2009 for more than £9.2 million, acquired by another buyer on condition that it be put on public display for three months every year.[1][2]
The Virgin, Infant Jesus, and John the Baptist (The Madonna of Silence), c. 1605, Louvre Museum [1]
A Virgin with a Unicorn, c. 1604–05, Farnese Gallery, Palazzo Farnese, Rome; fresco based on a design by Annibale Carracci
Abraham Leading Isaac to Sacrifice, 1602, Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth [2]
Landscape with Baptism of Christ (in collaboration with G. B. Viola?), c. 1603, Kunsthaus, Zurich [3]
Landscape with Flight into Egypt, c. 1605–06, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College
Portrait of Cardinal Girolamo Agucchi, c. 1604–05, Uffizi, Florence
Landscape with fishermen, hunters and washerwomen, c. 1604–05, Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford
Landscape with Fording, c. 1604–05, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome
Adoration of the Shepherds c1607-10
Flagellation of St. Andrew, 1609, San Gregorio Magno, Rome
The Ascension of St. Paul, c. 1606–08, Louvre
Scenes from the Life of Diana, 1609, Palazzo Giustiniani, now Odescalchi, Bassano di Sutri (Rome)
The 'Consecratio' of a Roman Emperor, 1634–36, Prado Museum, Madrid
Landscape with Fortifications, c. 1634–35, Denis Mahon Collection, London [4]
Cumaean Sybil, c. 1620–23, Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome [5]
Legends of SS. Nilus and Bartholomew, 1608–10, Abbey of Grottaferrata [6][7][8][9] [10]
A Triumphal Arch, c. 1609, Prado Museum, Madrid
Way to Calvary, c. 1610, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles [11]
Last Communion of St Jerome, 1614, Vatican Pinacoteca [12] and [13]
Scenes of the Life of Saint Cecilia, 1612–15, frescoes, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
Landscape with St Jerome, c. 1610, Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum
Landscape with Sylvia and Satyrs, c. 1615–20, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
Alexander and Timoclea, c. 1615, Louvre Museum
Truth Disclosed by Time (in collaboration with Agostino Tassi), c. 1622, fresco Palazzo Costaguti, Rome)
Cumaen Sybil, 1616–17, Galleria Borghese, Rome
Madonna of the Rosary, 1617–22/25 (Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna)
Diana with Nymphs at Play, 1616–17, Galleria Borghese, Rome
The Virgin and Child with Saints John the Baptist and Petronius, 1626–29, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan (on deposit at the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome)
Saint Agnes, c. 1620, Royal Collection, Hampton Court
Madonna of Loreto with Saints John the Baptist, Paterniano, and Anthony Abbot, c. 1618–19, North Carolina Museum of Art)
Rinaldo and Armida, c. 1620–21, Louvre, Paris
Martyrdom of St Peter Martyr (after Titian), c. 1619–21, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
Life of Apollo, 1616–18, frescoes, Stanza di Apollo, Villa Aldobrandini (Belvedere), Frascati (now mostly in the National Gallery, London)
The Four Evangelists and Scenes from the Life of St. Andrew, 1622–27, frescoes in the pendentives and choir of Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome MatthewMark Luke
Landscape with Hercules and Acheloüs, c. 1622-23, Louvre, Paris
Saint Ignatius de Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father, c. 1622, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Landscape with The Flight to Egypt, c. 1623, Louvre, Paris
Landscape with Child overturning Wine, c. 1603–05, Louvre, Paris
Rebuke of Adam and Eve, c, 1623–25, Musée des Beax-Arts, Grenoble
An Allegory of Agriculture, Astronomy and Architecture, c. 1624–25, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Rebuke of Adam and Eve, 1626, National Gallery Art, Washington D.C.
Martyrdom of St. Agnes, c. 1619–22/25, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
Death of Adonis, Apollo and Hyacinthus and Narcissus, frescoes, 1603–04, Palazzo Farnese, Rome
Martyrdom of St Sebastian, 1625–30, St. Peter's, Rome (now Santa Maria degli Angeli, Rome)
Assumption of the Virgin, 1616–17, Santa Maria di Trastevere, Rome
Landscape with Erminia and the Shepherds, c. 1623–25?, Louvre, Paris
Landscape with Hercules and Cacus, c. 1622–23, Louvre), Paris
Saint Cecilia with an Angel, c. 1617–18, Louvre, Paris
Sacrifice of Isaac, c. 1627–28, Prado Museum, Madrid
Scenes from the Life of San Gennaro, 1631–41, frescoes, Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro, Cathedral of Naples
Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, c. 1610–12, National Gallery, London
Mary Magdalene in Glory, c. 1620, Hermitage, St. Petersburg
References
Glyndebourne family to sell Old Master for £10 million, London Evening Standard, 9 Sept 2009
'Saved' Domenichino painting loaned to National Gallery, Guardian, 18 May 2010
Luigi Serra, Domenico Zampieri detto il Domenichino, Rome, 1909.
John Pope-Hennessy, The Drawings of Domenichino ... at Windsor Castle, London, 1948.
Richard E. Spear, Domenichino, 2 vols., New Haven and London, 1982.
Domenichino, 1581-1641, exh. cat. with entries on the paintings by Richard E. Spear, Rome, 1996.
Elizabeth Cropper, The Domenichino Affair. Novelty, Imitation, and Theft in Seventeenth-century Rome, New Haven and London, 2005
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