Louis Eugene Brus[1] (born 10 August 1943)[2] is the Samuel Latham Mitchell Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University. He is the co-discoverer of the colloidal semi-conductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots.[3] In 2023, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Early life and education
Louis Eugene Brus was born in 1943 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. During high school in Roeland Park, Kansas, he developed an interest for chemistry and physics.[4]
He entered Rice University in 1961 with a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) college scholarship, which required him to participate in NROTC activities at sea as a midshipman. In 1965, he graduated at Rice with a B.S. degree in chemistry, physics and mathematics, and then moved to Columbia University for his doctoral research.[4] For his dissertation, he worked on the photodissociation of sodium iodide vapor, under the supervision of Richard Bersohn.[4] After obtaining his Ph.D. degree in chemical physics in 1969, Brus returned to the Navy as a lieutenant and served as a scientific staff officer in collaboration with Lin Ming-chang, at the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.[4]
Under the recommendation of Bersohn, Brus left the Navy permanently and joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1973, where he did the work that led to the discovery of quantum dots.[4] In 1996, Brus left Bell Labs and joined the faculty in the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University.[4]
Work on quantum dots
Brus is a foundational figure in the research and development of quantum dots. Quantum dots are tiny semiconducting crystals whose nanoscale size gives them unique optical and electronic properties.[5]
Brus was independently the first to synthesize them in a solution in 1982. At the time, he was studying studying organic photochemistry on cadmium sulfide particle surfaces using pump–probe Raman spectroscopy, looking for possible applications for solar-energy.[6][7] He noticed that the optical properties of the crystals changed after leaving them for 24 hours.[7] He attributed this change in band gap energy to Ostwald ripening when the crystal increased size.[7]
Brus provided the theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of quantum dots in terms of quantum size effects. He identified the connection between the particle size of semiconductors and the wavelength of the light they emit,[8][9][10][11][12] now known as the Brus equation.[6]
Brus tried to contact researchers in the Soviet Union. It was in 1990, that he finally met Alexey Ekimov and Alexander Efros, who had first developed the semiconductor nanocrystals in glass in 1981 under more rudimentary conditions, however their research was not available in the United States.[7]
At Bell Labs, Brus worked with postdoc researchers Paul Alivisatos and Moungi Bawendi in a research project with organometallic synthetic chemist Michael L. Steigerwald on reducing the size of the quantum dots.[4]
Awards and honors
Brus was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1998,[13] a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2004,[14] and is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[15]
He received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Association of Rice University Alumni in 2010. He was co-recipient of the 2006 R. W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America "for the discovery of nanocrystal quantum dots and pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties" shared with Alexander Efros and Alexey Ekimov.[16][17] He also received the inaugural Kavli Prize for nanoscience along with Sumio Iijima in 2008 for "for their large impact in the development of the nanoscience field of the zero and one dimensional nanostructures in physics, chemistry and biology".[18] In 2009 he was awarded the Willard Gibbs Award "for his leading role in the creation of chemical quantum dots".[19] Brus was chosen for the 2010 NAS Award in Chemical Sciences. In 2012 he received the Franklin Institute's Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science,[20] and was selected as a Clarivate Citation laureate in Chemistry "for discovery of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots)".[21]
In 2023, Brus was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Ekimov and Moungi Bawendi "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots".[22] Bawendi had worked as a postdoc with Brus, when they were in Bell Labs.[23]
Selected publications
Rossetti, R.; Brus, L. (November 1982). "Electron-hole recombination emission as a probe of surface chemistry in aqueous cadmium sulfide colloids". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 86 (23): 4470–4472. doi:10.1021/j100220a003. ISSN 0022-3654.
Brus, L. E. (1 December 1983). "A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 79 (11): 5566–5571. doi:10.1063/1.445676. ISSN 0021-9606.
Brus, L. E. (1 May 1984). "Electron–electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 80 (9): 4403–4409. doi:10.1063/1.447218. ISSN 0021-9606.
Brus, Louis (June 1986). "Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 90 (12): 2555–2560. doi:10.1021/j100403a003. ISSN 0022-3654.
Nirmal, M.; Dabbousi, B. O.; Bawendi, M. G.; Macklin, J. J.; Trautman, J. K.; Harris, T. D.; Brus, L. E. (October 1996). "Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals". Nature. 383 (6603): 802–804. doi:10.1038/383802a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
Bawendi, M G; Steigerwald, M L; Brus, L E (October 1990). "The Quantum Mechanics of Larger Semiconductor Clusters ("Quantum Dots")". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 41 (1): 477–496. doi:10.1146/annurev.pc.41.100190.002401. ISSN 0066-426X.
Michaels, Amy M.; Nirmal, M.; Brus, L. E. (1 November 1999). "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 121 (43): 9932–9939. doi:10.1021/ja992128q. ISSN 0002-7863.
Lee, Changgu; Yan, Hugen; Brus, Louis E.; Heinz, Tony F.; Hone, James; Ryu, Sunmin (25 May 2010). "Anomalous Lattice Vibrations of Single- and Few-Layer MoS 2". ACS Nano. 4 (5): 2695–2700. arXiv:1005.2509. doi:10.1021/nn1003937. ISSN 1936-0851.
References
"Louis Eugene Brus". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
Profile of Louis Eugene Brus
Brus, Louis E. (1984). "Electron–electron and electron‐hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 80 (4403): 4403–4409. Bibcode:1984JChPh..80.4403B. doi:10.1063/1.447218. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Davis, Tinsley (February 2005). "Biography of Louis E. Brus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (5): 1277–1279. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409555102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 547879. PMID 15677326.
Singh, Suchita; Dhawan, Aksha; Karhana, Sonali; Bhat, Madhusudan; Dinda, Amit Kumar (29 November 2020). "Quantum Dots: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Testing". Micromachines. 11 (12): 1058. doi:10.3390/mi11121058. ISSN 2072-666X. PMC 7761335. PMID 33260478.
Kafel, A.; Al-Rashid, S. N. Turki (1 January 2023). "Study Using the Brus Equation to Examine How Quantum Confinement Energy Affects the Optical Characteristics of Cadmium Sulfide and Zinc Selenide". International Journal of Nanoscience. 22 (4): 2350034–120. Bibcode:2023IJN....2250034K. doi:10.1142/S0219581X23500345. ISSN 0219-581X.
Robinson2023-10-11T17:50:00+01:00, Julia. "The quantum dot story". Chemistry World. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
Sanderson, Katharine; Castelvecchi, Davide (4 October 2023). "Tiny 'quantum dot' particles win chemistry Nobel". Nature. 622 (7982): 227–228. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03048-9.
Efros, Alexander L.; Brus, Louis E. (27 April 2021). "Nanocrystal Quantum Dots: From Discovery to Modern Development". ACS Nano. 15 (4): 6192–6210. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c01399. ISSN 1936-0851.
Bubola, Emma; Miller, Katrina (4 October 2023). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 3 Scientists for Exploring the Nanoworld". The New York Times.
Gramling, Carolyn (4 October 2023). "The development of quantum dots wins the 2023 Nobel prize in chemistry". Science News.
Clery, Daniel; Kean, Sam (4 October 2023). "Creators of quantum dots, used in TV displays and cell studies, win chemistry Nobel". Science.
"Curl Elected AAAS Fellow". Rice University. 28 May 1998. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
"Louis E. Brus". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
"Gruppe 4: Kjemi" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
"R. W. Wood Prize". Optica.
"Twenty attain 2006 top honors from the OSA". Laser Focus World. 30 August 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
"Columbia Professors to Receive Kavli Prizes in Norway Ceremony". 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
"Gibbs Award Ceremony 2009". Chicago ACS Archive. Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
"Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science". Franklin Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
"Thomson Reuters Predicts 2012 Nobel Laureates". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
Devlin, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Devlin Science (4 October 2023). "Scientists share Nobel prize in chemistry for quantum dots discovery". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
"Names of purported Nobel chemistry prize winners inadvertently released". Reuters. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925
1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950
1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975
1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000
1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present
2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov
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