Sir James Fraser Stoddart FRS FRSE HonFRSC[1] (born 24 May 1942[5]) is a British-American chemist who is Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States.[8] He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings, catenanes and rotaxanes utilising molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes. He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches.[9] His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).[10] His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science.[11][12][13] He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.[2][14][15][16][17]
Education and early life
Fraser Stoddart was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 24 May 1942, the only child of Tom and Jean Stoddart.[18][19] He was brought up as a tenant farmer on Edgelaw Farm, a small community consisting of three families. Sir Fraser professes to a passion for jigsaw puzzles and construction toys in his formative years, which he believes was the basis for his interest in molecular construction.[20] Fraser Stoddart was a shy and serene boy and young man.[18][19]
He received early schooling at the local village school in Carrington, Midlothian, before going on to Melville College in Edinburgh.[21][22] He started at the University of Edinburgh in 1960 where he initially studied chemistry, physics and mathematics[18] He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry in 1964 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy in 1966[23] for research on natural gums in Acacias supervised by Sir Edmund Langley Hirst and D M W Anderson[3] from the University of Edinburgh.[24]
Career
In 1967, he went to Queen's University (Canada) as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow. In 1970 he moved to the University of Sheffield as an Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Research Fellow, before joining the academic staff as a lecturer in chemistry. In early 1978 he was a Science Research Council Senior Visiting Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Later in 1978, he was transferred to the ICI Corporate Laboratory in Runcorn, England where he first started investigating the mechanically interlocked molecules that would eventually become molecular machines.[25] At the end of the three year secondment he returned to Sheffield[26] where he was promoted to a Readership in 1982.
He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1980[27] for his research into stereochemistry beyond the molecule. In 1990, he moved to the Chair of Organic Chemistry at the University of Birmingham and was Head of the School of Chemistry there (1993–97) before moving to UCLA as the Saul Winstein Professor of Chemistry in 1997, succeeding Nobel laureate Donald Cram.[13][28]
In July 2002, he became the Acting Co-Director of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI). In May 2003, he became the Fred Kavli Chair of NanoSystems Sciences and served from then through August 2007 as the Director of the CNSI.[28]
In 2008, he established the Mechanostereochemistry Group and was named Board of Trustees Professor in Chemistry at Northwestern University.[29] He went on to be the Director of the Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems (CCIS) at Northwestern University in 2010.[30]
In 2017, Stoddart was appointed a part-time position at the University of New South Wales to establish his New Chemistry initiative at the UNSW School of Chemistry.[31]
In 2019, Sir Fraser Stoddart introduced a premium skincare brand called Noble Panacea,[32] which utilizes the organic molecular technology aspects of his work.[33]
During 35 years, nearly 300 PhD students and postdoctoral researchers have been trained in his laboratories.[21]
Research
Stoddart is one of only a few chemists of the past quarter century to pioneer a new field in organic chemistry. By establishing a new field where the main feature is mechanical bonds he has paved the way for molecular recognition, self-assembly processes for template-directed mechanically interlocked syntheses, molecular switches, and motor-molecules. These advances have formed the basis of the fields of nanoelectronic devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and molecular machines.[34][2]
One of his major contributions to the development of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as rotaxanes and catenanes has been the establishment of efficient synthetic protocols based on the binding of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) with electron-rich aromatic guests.[35] His group reported the synthesis of an advanced mechanically interlocked molecular architecture called molecular Borromean rings through the use of dynamic covalent chemistry.[36] The efficient procedures developed to synthesize these molecular architectures has been applied to the construction of molecular switches that operate based on the movement of the various components with respect to one another. These interlocked molecules have potential uses as molecular sensors, actuators, amplifiers, and molecular switches, and can be controlled chemically, electrically, and optically.[37]
His work bridges the gap between chemistry and the scientific and engineering challenges of nanoelectromechanical systems."[38]
Stoddart has pioneered the use of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures to create nanomechanical systems.[39][40] He has demonstrated that such devices can be fabricated using a combination of the bottom-up approach of molecular self-assembly and a top-down approach of lithography and microfabrication.[41]
The credit for making molecular machines attractive to chemists goes to Fraser Stoddart, ... He had the vision to realise that these architectures gave you the possibility of large amplitude-controlled motions, and that that could be the basis of molecular machines. David Leigh[39]
Presentation style
External videos
video icon "Fraser Stoddart: Mingling Art with Science", STE[+a]M Connect
video icon "The Beauty and Promise of Molecular Nanotechnology", PSW Science
video icon "Fraser Stoddart on Molecular Assembly", 1990, University of Birmingham
Stoddart's papers and other material are instantly recognizable due to a distinctive "cartoon"-style of representation he has developed since the late 1980s. A solid circle is often placed in the middle of the aromatic rings of the molecular structures he has reported, and different colors to highlight different parts of the molecules. The different colors usually correspond to the different parts of a cartoon representation of the molecule, but are also used to represent specific molecular properties (blue, for example, is used to represent electron-poor recognition units while red is used to represent the corresponding electron-rich recognition units). The distinctive coloring has led to coining the term 'little blue box' for cyclophane, an important π-acceptor used to synthesize mechanically bonded structures.[25] Stoddart maintains this standardized color scheme across all of his publications and presentations, and his style has been adopted by other researchers reporting mechanically interlocked molecules based on his syntheses.[42][43]
ISI ratings
As of 2022 Stoddart has an h-index of 175.[44] As of 2016 he had published more than 1000 publications and holds at least ten patents.[45] For the period from January 1997 to 31 August 2007, he was ranked by the Institute for Scientific Information as the third most cited chemist with a total of 14,038 citations from 304 papers at a frequency of 46.2 citations per paper.
The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) predicted that Fraser Stoddart was a likely laureate of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George M. Whitesides and Seiji Shinkai for their contributions to molecular self-assembly.[46] However, the Prize eventually went to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon.[47]
Awards and honors
Stoddart was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours December 2006, by Queen Elizabeth II for Services to Chemistry and Molecular Nanotechnology.[26][48]
In 2007, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition for his outstanding and pioneering work in molecular recognition and self-assembly, and the introduction of quick and efficient template-directed synthetic routes to mechanically interlocked molecular compounds, which have changed the way chemists think about molecular switches and machines.[49]
In 2016, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.[2][11]
Memberships
2014 Membership, National Academy of Sciences, US[50]
2012 Fellowship, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, US[51]
2011 Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK[52]
2008 Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Edinburgh, UK[53]
2006 Appointed Knight Bachelor by HM Queen Elizabeth II, UK[48]
2006 Foreign membership, Science Division of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences[54]
2005 Fellowship, American Association for the Advancement of Science, US[55]
1999 Fellowship, Academy of Natural Sciences (Leopoldina), Germany[56]
1994 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, UK[1]
Other awards and honours
2018 Fray International Sustainability Award [57]
2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2016 Haworth Memorial Lectureship, Royal Society of Chemistry[58][59]
2014 Centenary Prize Winner, Royal Society of Chemistry[60]
2012 Distinguished Citizen Award, Illinois Saint Andrew Society, Chicago, US
2010 Royal Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh presented by Duke of Edinburgh[61][62]
2008 Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London[38]
2008 American Chemical Society Arthur C. Cope Award[63]
2007 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology (Experimental)[64]
2007 Albert Einstein World Award of Science[49]
2007 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry[65]
2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science[12][13]
2007 Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) Medal (Saudi Chemical Society)
2005 University of Edinburgh Alumnus of the Year 2005 Award[66]
2004 Nagoya Gold Medal in Organic Chemistry[67]
1999 American Chemical Society Arthur C Cope Scholar Award[68]
1993 International Izatt-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic Chemistry[69]
Personal life
Stoddart is an American and British citizen. Stoddart was married to Norma Agnes Scholan from 1968[5][6][7] until her death in 2004 from cancer.[25] Norma Stoddart obtained a PhD in biochemistry and helped support the research efforts of her husband at the Universities of Sheffield, Birmingham, and California, Los Angeles.[70] Stoddart has two daughters; Fiona and Alison.
Philanthropy
The Fraser and Norma Stoddart Prize for PhD students has been established at their alma mater, the University of Edinburgh.[6] It was given for the first time in 2013.[71]
References
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All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License." --"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
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A. Coskun, M. Banaszak, R. D. Astumian, J. F. Stoddart, B. A. Grzybowski, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 19–30
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Chang, Kenneth; Chan, Sewell (5 October 2016). "3 Makers of 'World's Smallest Machines' Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
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Van Noorden, Richard; Castelvecchi, Davide (2016). "World's tiniest machines win chemistry Nobel". Nature. 538 (7624): 152–153. Bibcode:2016Natur.538..152V. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20734. PMID 27734892.
Capecelatro, Alex N. (2007). "From Auld Reekie to the City of Angels, and all the Meccano in between: A Glimpse into the Life and Mind of Sir Fraser Stoddart" (PDF). The UCLA USJ. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
"Sir J. Fraser Stoddart – Facts". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2016/stoddart/lecture/
Capecelatro, Alex N. (2007). "From Auld Reekie to the City of Angels, and all the Meccano in between: A Glimpse into the Life and Mind of Sir Fraser Stoddart" (PDF). The UCLA USJ. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
"It's all Kids Stuff". FP News, The magazine and Annual Review of The Stewart's Melville FP Club. Daniel Stewart's and Melville College Former Pupils Club. December 2014. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Stoddart, James Fraser (1967). Studies on plant gums of the Acacia group (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
"2005 – Professor J Fraser Stoddart". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
"Sir J. Fraser Stoddart – Facts". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
Marcus, Jennifer (4 January 2007). "UCLA's J. Fraser Stoddart Adds Knight Bachelor to His List of Honors". UCLA Newsroom. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Stoddart, James Fraser (1980). Some adventures in stereochemistry (DSc thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/14487. OCLC 605975820. open access
Wolpert, Stuart (6 November 2003). "UCLA Chemist Fraser Stoddart Named Director of California NanoSystems Institute". UCLA Newsroom. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
"Sir Fraser Stoddart is awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry". news.northwestern.edu.
"James Fraser Stoddart: Curriculum Vitae, Full Version" (PDF). stoddart.northwestern.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
"UNSW appoints 2016 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart". UNSW Newsroom. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
"Skin-Care Line Noble Panacea Launched with a Glitzy, Model-Heavy Gala at the Met". 23 October 2019.
"Our Science & Technology | Noble Panacea".
"Fraser Stoddart – Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group". stoddart.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
Stoddart, J. Fraser (2009). "The chemistry of the mechanical bond". Chemical Society Reviews. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). 38 (6): 1802–1820. doi:10.1039/b819333a. ISSN 0306-0012. PMID 19587969.
Chichak, K. S. (28 May 2004). "Molecular Borromean Rings" (PDF). Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 304 (5675): 1308–1312. Bibcode:2004Sci...304.1308C. doi:10.1126/science.1096914. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15166376. S2CID 45191675.
"UCLA's J. Fraser Stoddart on Switching to Molecular Electronics" (PDF). Science Watch. 16 (5). 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
"Award Winners Davy Medal". The Royal Society. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Richards, Victoria (16 February 2016). "Molecular Machines". Chemistry World.
Madou, Marc J. (2009). From MEMS to bio-MEMS and bio-NEMS : manufacturing techniques and applications. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-1-4200-5516-0. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Stoddart, J. F.; Tseng, H.-R. (12 March 2002). "Chemical synthesis gets a fillip from molecular recognition and self-assembly processes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (8): 4797–4800. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4797F. doi:10.1073/pnas.052708999. PMC 122671. PMID 11891314.
"Fraser Stoddart: Mingling Art with Science". Ste(a)m Connect. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Brough, B.; Northrop, B. H.; Schmidt, J. J.; Tseng, H.-R.; Houk, K. N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Ho, C.-M. (30 May 2006). "Evaluation of synthetic linear motor-molecule actuation energetics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (23): 8583–8588. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.8583B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509645103. PMC 1482623. PMID 16735470.
"1040 Highly Cited Researchers (h>100) according to their Google Scholar Citations public profiles". Ranking Web of Universities. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
STODDART, James Fraser. "List of Publications" (PDF). Northwestern University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
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External links
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata
Sir James Fraser Stoddart on The Scientists' Channel
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraser Stoddart.
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Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
1980s
Ricardo Bressani (1984) Werner Stumm (1985) Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1986) Hugh Huxley (1987) Margaret Burbidge (1988) Martin Kamen (1989)
1990s
Gustav Nossal (1990) Albrecht Fleckenstein (1991) Raymond U. Lemieux (1992) Ali Javan (1993) Sherwood Rowland (1994) Herbert H. Jasper (1995) Alec Jeffreys (1996) Jean-Marie Ghuysen (1997) Charles R. Goldman (1998) Robert Weinberg (1999)
2000s
Frank Fenner (2000) Niels Birbaumer (2001) Daniel H. Janzen (2002) Martin Rees (2003) Ralph J. Cicerone (2004) John Hopfield (2005) Ahmed Zewail (2006) Fraser Stoddart (2007) Ada Yonath (2008) John T. Houghton (2009)
2010s
Julio Montaner (2010) Geoffrey Ozin (2011) Michael Grätzel (2012) Paul Nurse (2013) Philip Cohen (2014) Ewine van Dishoeck (2015) Edward Witten (2016) Omar M. Yaghi (2017) Jean-Pierre Changeux (2018) Zhong Lin Wang (2019)
vte
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925
1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950
1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975
1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000
1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present
2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov
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