Ernst Stuhlinger (December 19, 1913 – May 25, 2008) was a German-American atomic, electrical, and rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, he developed guidance systems with Wernher von Braun's team for the US Army, and later was a scientist with NASA. He was also instrumental in the development of the ion engine for long-endurance space flight, and a wide variety of scientific experiments.[1][2][3]
Life
Stuhlinger was born in Niederrimbach (now part of Creglingen), Württemberg, Germany. At age 23, he earned his doctorate in physics at the University of Tübingen in 1936, working with Otto Haxel, Hans Bethe and his advisor Hans Geiger.[4][5][6] In 1939 to 1941, he worked in Berlin, on cosmic rays and nuclear physics as an assistant professor at the Berlin Institute of Technology developing innovative nuclear detector instrumentation.[7]
Despite showing promise as a scientist, in 1941 Stuhlinger was drafted as a private in the German Army and sent to the Russian front, where he was wounded during the Battle of Moscow. Following this, he was in the Battle of Stalingrad and was one of the few members of his unit to survive and make the long, on-foot retreat out of Russia in the cold of winter.[8] Upon reaching German territory in 1943, Stuhlinger was ordered to the rocket development center in Peenemünde where he joined Dr. Wernher von Braun's team. For the remainder of the war, he worked in the field of guidance systems.[9]
Research scientist
Stuhlinger was one of the first group of 126 scientists who emigrated to the United States with von Braun after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.[10] In the 1945–50 years, he primarily worked on guidance systems in US Army missile programs at Fort Bliss, Texas. In 1950, von Braun's team and the missile programs were transferred to Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, Alabama. For the next decade, Stuhlinger and other von Braun team members worked on Army missiles, but they also devoted efforts in building an unofficial space capability. He eventually served as director of the Advanced Research Projects Division of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA).[7]
In 1954, Stuhlinger assisted in the founding of the Rocket City Astronomical Association (Renamed to the Von Braun Astronomical Society following von Braun's death) where he served as one of the five original directors for the observatory built inside Monte Sano State Park.[11]
On April 14, 1955, together with many other Paperclip members, he became a naturalized United States citizen.[1]
Von Braun and Stuhlinger discuss particulars of the nuclear electric rocket at Walt Disney Studios.
In the 1950s, Stuhlinger, along with von Braun, collaborated with Walt Disney Pictures. Together, they produced three films, Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957. Stuhlinger worked as a technical consultant for these films.[12]
Stuhlinger played a small but important role in the race to launch a US satellite after the success of Sputnik 1. There was little time to develop and test automated guidance or staging systems, so Stuhlinger developed a simple spring-powered staging timer that was triggered from the ground. On the night of January 31, 1958, Stuhlinger was at the controls of the timer when the Explorer 1 was launched, triggering the device right on time. He became known as "the man with the golden finger." This satellite discovered the Van Allen radiation belt through a cosmic ray sensor, a felicitous intersection with his early physics expertise, included in a science package supervised by Stuhlinger.
MSFC Heritage Gallery
In 1960, the major part of ABMA was transferred to NASA, forming the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. Stuhlinger served as director of the MSFC Space Science Laboratory from its formation in 1960 until 1968, and then was MSFC's associate director for science from 1968 to 1975.[13] Among his many other works at Marshall, he directed early planning for lunar exploration, worked on the Apollo Telescope Mount that produced a wealth of information about the Sun, led planning for the three High Energy Astronomical Observatories, and worked on the initial phases of what would become the Hubble Space Telescope.
In 1970, shortly after the first lunar landing, Stuhlinger received a letter from Sister Mary Jucunda in Zambia, Africa, asking how billions of dollars could be spent for space research when so many children on the Earth were starving to death. Stuhlinger's thoughtful response is often cited to justify such expenditures.[14]
Stuhlinger spent much of his spare time developing designs for solar-powered spacecraft. The most popular of those designs relied on ion thrusters, which ionize either caesium or rubidium vapor and accelerate the positively charged ions through gridded electrodes.[8] The spacecraft would be powered by one kilowatt of solar energy. He referred to the concept as a "sunship". He is considered as one of the pioneers of electric propulsion having, among many contributions, authored the classic textbook Ion Propulsion for Space Flight (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964). In 2005, he was honored by the Electric Rocket Propulsion Society, and awarded its highest honor "The Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Electric Propulsion", which was renamed the Stuhlinger Medal shortly following his death.
After retiring from NASA in January 1976, Stuhlinger became an adjunct professor and senior research scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), holding this position for the next 20 years. In 1978, he was at the University of Munich for six months on a Humboldt Fellowship. Ernst was especially proud of winning this award as an American scientist. During 1984-89, he was also a senior research associate with Teledyne Brown Engineering.
Historian
Starting in 1990, Stuhlinger and Frederick I. Ordway III collaborated on the two-volume biography Wernher von Braun: Crusader for Space (Krieger Publishing, 1994). In it, Stuhlinger downplayed claims that von Braun had mistreated prisoners working on the V-2 program during the war. Michael J. Neufeld has questioned this version, maintaining that knowledge of V-2 production using forced labor is an established fact.[15] Stuhlinger reiterated the point that their aim was ultimately peaceful.[16] In a newspaper article he wrote:
Saturn V dedication
Yes, we did work on improved guidance systems, but in late 1944 we were convinced that the war would soon be over before new systems could be used on military rockets. However, we were convinced that somehow our work would find application in the future rockets that would not aim at London, but at the moon.[17][18]
Stuhlinger was interviewed in 1984 by fellow Operation Paperclip scientist Konrad Dannenberg and UAH professor Donald Tarter for an oral history series. This hour-long review of their experiences has information on early space programs.[19]
In 2004, when he was 90, Stuhlinger helped to raise funds to preserve a Saturn V rocket display at Huntsville, Alabama.[20] Ernst Stuhlinger died in Huntsville at age 94.
See also
German rocket scientists in the US
Gridded ion thruster
Further reading
Belew, Leland F.; Ernst Stuhlinger (2004-08-06). "Skylab: A Guidebook". National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Choueiri, Edgar Y. "Ernst Stuhlinger Biography". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original on 2010-03-06.
Cumbow, Victoria; Budd McLaughlin (2008-05-27). "Stuhlinger envisioned Mars path". The Huntsville Times. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09.
NASA Historical Reference Collection. "Ernst Stuhlinger biographical file". NASA History Office.
Portree, David S. (February 2001). "Humans to Mars: Fifty years of mission planning" (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History Series. 21.
Stuhlinger, Ernst (2001). "Enabling technology for space transportation". The Century of Space Science. Vol. 1. pp. 73–74. Bibcode:2002css1.book...59S. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_3. ISBN 978-0-7923-7196-0.
Tinsley, Frank (January 1956). "Flight to the Stars on Sun Power". Mechanix Illustrated. 56 (1): 72–77.
Kieron Murphy (September 2008). "Ernst Stuhlinger: A Legend of the Space Age". IEEE Spectrum.
References
John Noble Wilford (May 28, 2008). "Ernst Stuhlinger, Rocket Scientist Crucial in Space Race, Is Dead at 94". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Ernst Stuhlinger". The Times. London. May 30, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Ernst Stuhlinger dies, was space age 'giant'". The Huntsville Times. 2008-05-26. Archived from the original on 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Stuhlinger, Ernst (1913-2008)". Daviddarling.info. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Mathematical Genealogy Entry
Stuhlinger, E. (1938). "Das Ionisierungsvermögen kosmischer Ultrastrahlen". Zeitschrift für Physik. 108 (7–8): 444–453. Bibcode:1938ZPhy..108..444S. doi:10.1007/BF01321924. S2CID 123305644. (This is the publication reprising his PhD thesis.)
"Stuhlinger". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Celestial irony between Mars and Stuhlinger | al.com". Blog.al.com. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Ernst Stuhlinger, 94, Rocket Designer - May 28, 2008 - The New York Sun". Nysun.com. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Laney, Monique (2015). German Rocketeers in the Heart of Dixie: Making Sense of the Nazi Past During the Civil Rights Era. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-300-19803-4.
"How It All Began". vbas.org. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
Wright, Mike. "The Disney-Von Braun Collaboration and Its Influence on Space Exploration". NASA MSFC. Archived from the original on 2005-01-29. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
James Wray and Ulf Stabe (2008-05-26). "Ernst Stuhlinger, space program pioneer, dies aged 94 - Science". Thetechherald.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Ernst Stuhlinger, "Why Explore Space?". Retrieved 2021-03-05
Michael J. Neufeld (2008). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-38937-4.
"Ernst Stuhlinger: Rocket scientist who helped the US become the leading space power - Obituaries, News". The Independent. London. 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"Von Braun no hero, but was a rocket genius," The Huntsville Times, 14 Oct. 1995; Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-02-06
"Ernst Stuhlinger, NASA pioneer and rocket scientist, dies at 94". Usatoday.Com. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
"A Future in Space: Messages from the Beginning" (opens in Microsoft Media Player) Retrieved 2012-02-08
Maney, Kevin (2004-12-09). "Last rocketeers set sights on Mars". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
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