Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry"[2] for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. Her recent efforts include synthesis of chemical tools to study cell surface sugars called glycans and how they affect diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and viral infections like COVID-19.[3] At Stanford University, she holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences.[4] Bertozzi is also an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)[5] and is the former director of the Molecular Foundry, a nanoscience research center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[6]
She received the MacArthur "genius" award at age 33.[7] In 2010, she was the first woman to receive the prestigious Lemelson–MIT Prize faculty award. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2005), the Institute of Medicine (2011), and the National Academy of Inventors (2013). In 2014, it was announced that Bertozzi would lead ACS Central Science, the American Chemical Society's first peer-reviewed open access journal, which offers all content free to the public.[8] Since 2021 she has been a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.[9] As an open lesbian in academia and science, Bertozzi has been a role model for students and colleagues.[10][11]
Bertozzi was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with Morten P. Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless, "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry".[12]
Education
Carolyn Bertozzi received her B.A. summa cum laude in chemistry from Harvard University, where she worked with Professor Joe Grabowski on the design and construction of a photoacoustic calorimeter.[13] Grabowski was impressed with her work and required Bertozzi to write a thesis on this project, which was submitted and Bertozzi won the Thomas T. Hoopes Undergraduate Thesis Prize with a large prize money.[14] While an undergraduate, she played in several bands, notably Bored of Education with future Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello.[15][16] After graduating from Harvard in 1988, she worked at Bell Labs with Chris Chidsey.[17]
Bertozzi completed her Ph.D. in chemistry at University of California, Berkeley in 1993 with Mark Bednarski, working on the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs.[18][19] While at Berkeley, she discovered that viruses can bind to sugars in the body.[20] The discovery led to her field of research, glycobiology. During Bertozzi's third year of graduate school, Bednarski was diagnosed with colon cancer, which resulted in him taking a leave of absence and changing his career path by enrolling in medical school. This left Bertozzi and the rest of the lab to complete their Ph.D. work with no direct supervision.[21][22]
Career and research
After graduating from Berkeley with a Ph.D., Bertozzi was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) with Steven Rosen, where she studied the activity of endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion at inflammation sites.[23][24] While working with Rosen at UCSF, Bertozzi was able to modify the protein and sugar molecules in the walls of living cells so that the cells accept foreign materials such as implants.[25]
In 1996 Bertozzi became a faculty member in the UC Berkeley College of Chemistry[26] and a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she served as the director of the Molecular Foundry.[23][27] She has been an investigator with HHMI since 2000.[6] In 1999, while working with HHMI and at Berkeley, she founded the field of bioorthogonal chemistry and coined the term in 2003.[28][29][30] This new field and technique allows researchers to chemically modify molecules in living organisms and not interrupt the processes of the cell.[31] In 2015, Bertozzi moved to Stanford University to join the ChEM-H Institute.[32]
Bertozzi studies the glycobiology of underlying diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. In particular, Bertozzi has advanced the understanding of cell surface oligosaccharides involved in cell recognition and inter-cellular communication. Bertozzi has applied the techniques of bioorthogonal chemistry to study glycocalyx, the sugars that surround the cell membrane. Her discoveries have advanced the field of biotherapeutics.[33] Her lab has also developed tools for research. One such development is creating chemical tools for studying glycans in living systems.[6] Her lab's development of nanotechnologies which probe biological systems lead to the development of a fast point-of-care tuberculosis test in 2018.[34][35] In 2017, due to her lab's discovery of linking the sugars on the surface of cancer cells and their ability to avoid the immune system defenses, she was invited to speak at Stanford's TED talk, giving a talk entitled "What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you".[36]
Biotechnology startups
In 2001, Bertozzi and Steve Rosen co-founded Thios Pharmaceuticals in Emeryville, California, the first company to target sulfation pathways.[37] Thios Pharmaceuticals dissolved in 2005.[38]
In 2008, Bertozzi founded a startup of her own: Redwood Bioscience also in Emeryville, California.[39] Redwood Bioscience is a biotechnology company that uses SMARTag, a site-specific protein modification technology that allows small drugs to attach to sites on the proteins and can be used to help fight cancers.[20][40] Redwood Bioscience was acquired by Catalent Pharma Solutions in 2014. Bertozzi remains a part of the advisory board for the biologics sector of the company.[40]
In 2014, she co-founded Enable Biosciences[28] of South San Francisco, California.[41] It focuses on biotechnologies for at-home diagnoses for type 1 diabetes, HIV, and other diseases.[28][42]
Bertozzi became a co-founder of Palleon Pharma of Waltham, Massachusetts, in 2015.[43] Palleon Pharma focuses on investigating glycoimmune checkpoint inhibitors as a potential treatment for cancer.[44]
In 2017, Bertozzi helped found InterVenn Biosciences, which uses mass spectrometry and artificial intelligence to enhance glycoproteomics for target and biomarker discovery, ovarian cancer diagnostics, and predicting the successes and failures of clinical trials.[28][45]
She co-founded Grace Science Foundation in 2018. The foundation focuses on curing NGLY1 deficiency through developing therapeutics that are efficient and inexpensive.[46]
In 2019, she co-founded both OliLux Biosciences and Lycia Therapeutics. OliLux Biosciences develops new methods for tuberculosis detection.[28][47] The founding of Lycia Therapeutics occurred when Bertozzi's group discovered lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs). The new molecule class may be able to degrade some cardiovascular disease and cancer targets.[48] Lycia Therapeutics focuses on developing technology which utilizes lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs).[28]
Bertozzi also previously served on the research advisory board of several pharmaceutical companies including GlaxoSmithKline, and until 2021 Eli Lilly.[49]
Publications
Bertozzi has over 600 publications on Web of Science; the most cited are:
Sletten, EM; Bertozzi, CR (2009). "Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 48 (38): 6974–98. doi:10.1002/anie.200900942. PMC 2864149. PMID 19714693.
Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Kiessling, Laura L. (2001). "Chemical Glycobiology". Science. 291 (5512): 2357–64. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.2357B. doi:10.1126/science.1059820. PMID 11269316. S2CID 9585674.
Saxon, Eliana; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (2000). "Cell Surface Engineering by a Modified Staudinger Reaction". Science. 287 (5460): 2007–10. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2007S. doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.2007. PMID 10720325. S2CID 19720277.
Agard, Nicholas J.; Prescher, Jennifer A.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (2005). "A Strain-Promoted [3 + 2] Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition for Covalent Modification of Biomolecules in Living Systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (46): 15046–15047. doi:10.1021/ja044996f. PMID 15547999.
Dube, DH; Bertozzi, CR (2005). "Glycans in cancer and inflammation—potential for therapeutics and diagnostics". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 4 (6): 477–88. doi:10.1038/nrd1751. PMID 15931257. S2CID 22525932.
Awards and honors
Carolyn Bertozzi, receiving the Emanuel Merck Lectureship in 2011
1987 – Phi Beta Kappa[50]
1997 – Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship[51]
1997 – Horace S. Isbell Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry[52]
1998 – Glaxo Wellcome Scholars' Award[51]
1998 – Beckman Young Investigators Award[53]
1999 – Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award of the American Chemical Society[54]
1999 – Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award[51]
1999 – MacArthur Fellowship[55]
2000 – Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers[56]
2000 – Merck Academic Development Program Award[51]
2001 – UC Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award[55]
2001 – ACS Award in Pure Chemistry[51]
2001 – Donald Sterling Noyce Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching[55]
2001 – Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[57]
2002 – Irving Sigal Young Investigator Award of the Protein Society[58]
2003 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[59]
2004 – Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award of Iota Sigma Pi[citation needed]
2005 – Havinga Medal, Univ. Leiden[citation needed]
2005 – Member of the National Academy of Sciences[55]
2005 – T.Z. and Irmgard Chu Distinguished Professorship in Chemistry[60]
2007 – Ernst Schering Prize[61]
2007 – LGBTQ Scientist of the Year Award – from the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals[10][11]
2008 – Li Ka Shing Women in Science Award[58]
2008 – Roy L. Whistler International Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry[62]
2008 – Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina[63]
2008 – Willard Gibbs Award[64]
2009 – William H. Nichols Medal[65]
2009 – Harrison Howe Award[66]
2009 – Albert Hofmann Medal, Univ. Zurich[citation needed]
2010 – Lemelson–MIT Prize[34]
2010 – Royal Society of Chemistry – Organic Division, Bioorganic Chemistry Award
2011 – Member of the Institute of Medicine[67]
2011 – Tetrahedron Young Investigator Award for Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry[68]
2011 – Emanuel Merck Lectureship[69]
2012 – Honorary Doctorate of Science from Brown University[70]
2012 – Heinrich Wieland Prize[71]
2013 – Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors[72]
2013 – Hans Bloemendal Award[73]
2015 – UCSF 150th Anniversary Alumni Excellence Awards[74]
2017 – Arthur C. Cope Award[75]
2018 – Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)[76]
2020 – John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science[77]
2020 – Chemistry for the Future Solvay Prize[78]
2020 – F. A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research[79]
2022 – Wolf Prize in Chemistry[80]
2022 – Dr H. P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics[81]
2022 – Dickson Prize in Medicine[82]
2022 – Welch Award in Chemistry[83]
2022 – Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University[84]
2022 – Lifetime Mentor Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science.[85][57]
2022 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry[12]
2023 – Roger Adams Award[86]
Personal life
Bertozzi grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts, the daughter of the late Norma Gloria (Berringer) and William Bertozzi.[87] Her father was of Italian descent.[88] Her maternal grandparents were from Nova Scotia, Canada.[14] She has two sisters, one of whom, Andrea Bertozzi, is on the mathematics faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles.[89] Her father was a physics professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[90][23]
Bertozzi and her two sisters grew up around science. Because their father was a physics professor, when asked what she and her sisters wanted to be when they grew up, the answer was unanimous: a nuclear physicist. The three girls would attend MIT camps, as their father dreamt that they would attend MIT due to a "mixture of pride and the promise of free tuition." To William's dismay, Carolyn attended Harvard instead because the school offered strengths outside of just science.[23]
Bertozzi briefly considered a career in music. In high school, she won several awards for music compositions and musical accomplishments. Her talent on the keyboard earned her offers as a music major from several university rock bands, but she felt that she was "always centered on the sciences".[23] Bertozzi is a lesbian and has been out since the late 1980s.[91]
References
Prescher, Jennifer Ann (2006). Probing Glycosylation in Living Animals with Bioorthogonal Chemistries (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 892833679. ProQuest 305348554.
"Carolyn R. Bertozzi". HHMI.org. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
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Adams, Amy. "Stanford chemist explains excitement of chemistry to students, the public". Stanford News. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
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Wang, Linda. "Carolyn Bertozzi To Lead ACS Central Science | Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
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Cassell, Heather (February 22, 2007). "Two Bay Area gay scientists honored". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
"NOGLSTP to Honor Bertozzi, Gill, Mauzey, and Bannochie at 2007 Awards Ceremony in February". NOGLSTP. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022" (Press release). The Nobel Prize. October 5, 2022.
Grabowski, Joseph J.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Jacobsen, John R.; Jain, Ahamindra; Marzluff, Elaine M.; Suh, Annie Y. (1992). "Fluorescence probes in biochemistry: An examination of the non-fluorescent behavior of dansylamide by photoacoustic calorimetry". Analytical Biochemistry. 207 (2): 214–26. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(92)90003-P. PMID 1481973.
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"Meet Carolyn Bertozzi". NIGMS. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Houlton, Sarah (January 12, 2018). "Carolyn Bertozzi". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
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Bertozzi, Carolyn Ruth. Synthesis and biological activity of carbon-linked glycosides (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 30660316. ProQuest 304068526.
"Bertozzi: Infectious In Her Enthusiasm". Chemical & Engineering News. 78 (5): 26–35. January 31, 2000.
"Carolyn Bertozzi | Lemelson–MIT Program". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
Azvolunsky, Anna (May 31, 2016). "Carolyn Bertozzi: Glycan Chemist". The Scientist. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
Baker, Mitzi (March 22, 2006). "Bednarski, pioneer of new cancer therapies, dies at 47". Stanford University. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
Davis, T. (February 16, 2010). "Profile of Carolyn Bertozzi". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (7): 2737–2739. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.2737D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914469107. PMC 2840349. PMID 20160128.
Gardiner, Mary Beth (Winter 2005). "The Right Chemistry" (PDF). HHMI Bulletin: 8–12. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
"Carolyn Bertozzi". Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016.
Sanders, Robert (October 5, 2022). "Chemistry Nobelist Carolyn Bertozzi's years at UC Berkeley". Berkeley News. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
"Former Berkeley Lab Scientist Carolyn Bertozzi Wins 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Retrieved September 7, 2022.
"Carolyn Bertozzi's glycorevolution". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
"NIHF Inductee Carolyn Bertozzi Invented Bioorthogonal Chemistry". www.invent.org. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
Sletten, Ellen M.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (September 20, 2011). "From Mechanism to Mouse: A Tale of Two Bioorthogonal Reactions". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (9): 666–676. doi:10.1021/ar200148z. ISSN 0001-4842. PMC 3184615. PMID 21838330.
Sletten, Ellen M.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (2009). "Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 48 (38): 6974–6998. doi:10.1002/anie.200900942. ISSN 1433-7851. PMC 2864149. PMID 19714693.
"Carolyn R. Bertozzi". bertozzigroup.stanford.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Xiao, Han; Woods, Elliot C.; Vukojicic, Petar; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (August 22, 2016). "Precision glycocalyx editing as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (37): 10304–10309. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11310304X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1608069113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5027407. PMID 27551071.
"Carolyn Bertozzi 2010 Lemelson–MIT Prize". MIT. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Kamariza, Mireille; Shieh, Peyton; Ealand, Christopher S.; Peters, Julian S.; Chu, Brian; Rodriguez-Rivera, Frances P.; Babu Sait, Mohammed R.; Treuren, William V.; Martinson, Neil; Kalscheuer, Rainer; Kana, Bavesh D. (2018). "Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum with a solvatochromic trehalose probe". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (430): eaam6310. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aam6310. ISSN 1946-6242. PMC 5985656. PMID 29491187.
Bertozzi, Carolyn. "Carolyn Bertozzi | Speaker | TED". www.ted.com. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
McCarthy, Alice A. (February 2004). "Thios Pharmaceuticals Targeting Sulfation Pathways" (PDF). Chemistry & Biology. 11 (2): 147–148. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.02.008. PMID 15123271.
"Thios Pharmaceuticals | www.inknowvation.com". www.inknowvation.com. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
McCook, Alison (March 6, 2013). "Women in Biotechnology: Barred from the Boardroom". Scientific American. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
"Redwood Bioscience Inc. | IPIRA". ipira.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
"Contact". Enable Biosciences. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
"Enable Biosciences, Inc. | IPIRA". ipira.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
"Palleon Pharma – Leadership". Retrieved October 5, 2022.
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"Grace Science Foundation". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
Dinkele, Ryan; Gessner, Sophia; Koch, Anastasia S.; Morrow, Carl; Gqada, Melitta; Kamariza, Mireille; Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Smith, Brian; McLoud, Courtney; Kamholz, Andrew; Bryden, Wayne (December 27, 2019). "Capture and visualization of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli from tuberculosis bioaerosols". bioRxiv: 2019.12.23.887729. doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887729. S2CID 213539003.
Banik, Steven; Pedram, Kayvon; Wisnovsky, Simon; Riley, Nicholas; Bertozzi, Carolyn (November 20, 2019). "Lysosome Targeting Chimeras (LYTACs) for the Degradation of Secreted and Membrane Proteins". Figshare. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.7927061.v2. S2CID 213002729.
Company, Eli Lilly and. "Lilly Announces that Professor Carolyn Bertozzi has Resigned from its Board of Directors". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved March 16, 2022.
Chuang, Theodore D. (December 7, 1987). "Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Inductees Announced | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
"Dr. Bertozzi to Speak at Drug Discovery Symposium". News Center. November 4, 2002. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
"Horace S. Isbell Award". ACS Carbohydrate. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
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"Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards". American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
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Korte, Andrea (October 5, 2022). "AAAS Fellows Carolyn Bertozzi and K. Barry Sharpless Receive Nobel Prize in Chemistry | American Association for the Advancement of Science". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
"UC Berkeley chemist, biologist, entrepreneur awarded $500,000 Lemelson–MIT Prize | Research UC Berkeley". vcresearch.berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
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Kamerling, Johannis P. (March 1, 2008). "The Roy L. Whistler International Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry 2008". Glycobiology. 18 (3): 209. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn005. ISSN 0959-6658. PMID 18326004.
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Dickson Prize 2022
"Welch Award in Chemistry". Welch. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
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Navals, Pauline (April 5, 2022). "ONE ON ONE WITH CAROLYN BERTOZZI". Chemical & Engineering News.
External links
Scholia has a profile for Carolyn Bertozzi (Q7442).
Official website of Bertozzi Research Group
What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you – TED Talk
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolyn Bertozzi.
Carolyn Bertozzi on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata
Bertozzi's et al. publication list
Hardcastle M (2023). "QnAs with Carolyn R. Bertozzi". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (1): e2220665120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12020665H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2220665120. PMC 9910447. PMID 36584297.
vte
ACS Chemical Biology Lectureship
Alanna Schepartz (2010) Stuart Schreiber (2011) Carolyn Bertozzi (2012) Wilfred A. van der Donk (2013) Peter B. Dervan (2014) Kevan Shokat (2015) Peter G. Schultz (2016) Benjamin Cravatt III (2017) James A. Wells (2018)
vte
Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2018
Fellows
Jim Al-Khalili Polly Arnold Jillian Banfield Margaret Brimble Neil Brockdorff Frank Caruso Vincenzo Cerundolo Kevin Costello Robert Crabtree Philip Dawid Peter Dayan Richard Dixon Gregory Edgecombe Wenfei Fan Roger Goody Robin Grimes Gregory Hannon Demis Hassabis Judy Hirst Graeme Jameson Harren Jhoti Sophien Kamoun Andrew King Dimitri Kullmann Dominic Kwiatkowski Richard Marais Cathie Martin Elon Musk Peter O'Hearn Vassilis Pachnis Tracy Palmer Colin Prentice Lalita Ramakrishnan Nancy Reid Graham Richards David Richardson Sheila Rowan Ingrid Scheffer Michelle Simmons John Smol Timothy Softley John Speakman Graeme Stephens Angela Strank Charles Swanton Peter Visscher Guy Wilkinson Geordie Williamson Daniel Wise Nikolay Zheludev
Honorary
David Willetts (Baron Willetts of Havant)
Foreign
Carolyn Bertozzi Martin Chalfie Sebsebe Demissew Jeffrey Friedman Fabiola Gianotti Albrecht Hofmann Butler Lampson Tullio Pozzan Joachim Sauer Adi Shamir
vte
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925
1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950
1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975
1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000
1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present
2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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