A zero-mode waveguide is an optical waveguide that guides light energy into a volume that is small in all dimensions compared to the wavelength of the light.
Zero-mode waveguides have been developed for rapid parallel sensing of zeptolitre sample volumes, as applied to gene sequencing, by Pacific Biosciences (previously named Nanofluidics, Inc.)[1]
A waveguide operated at frequencies lower than its cutoff frequency (wavelengths longer than its cutoff wavelength) and used as a precision attenuator is also known as a "waveguide below-cutoff attenuator."[2]
The zero-mode waveguide is made possible by creating circular or rectangular nanoapertures using focused ion beam on an aluminium layer.[3]
The zero-mode waveguide can also enhance fluorescence signals due to surface plasmons generated at metal-dielectric interfaces.[4] Due to surface plasmon generation field is localized and enhanced as well as it changes the LDOS inside the cavity which leads to increase in Purcell Factor of analyte molecules inside the zero-mode waveguide[5]
The zero-mode waveguide is very useful for Ultraviolet Auto-fluorescence spectroscopy on tryptophan-carrying proteins like beta-galactosidase.[6] With further modification of the zero-mode waveguide with a conical reflector, it is possible to study the dynamic process of smaller proteins like streptavidin with 24 tryptophan. ,[7] The modified zero-mode waveguide with a conical reflector can be further optimized to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and reach the ultimate sensitivity of single tryptophan proteins like TNase.[8]
See also
Single molecule real-time sequencing
References
Jan Kieleczawa (2004). DNA sequencing: optimizing the process and analysis. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7637-4782-4.
D. H. Russell (Dec 1997). "The waveguide below-cutoff attenuation standard". IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Technology. 45 (12): 2408–2413. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2408R. doi:10.1109/22.643852. S2CID 6236996.
Baibakov, Mikhail; Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Patra, Satyajit; Wenger, Jérôme (1999-02-22). "Zero-mode waveguides can be made better: fluorescence enhancement with rectangular aluminum nanoapertures from the visible to the deep ultraviolet". Nanoscale Advances. 2 (9): 4153–4160. doi:10.1039/D0NA00366B. PMC 9417158. PMID 36132755.
Baibakov, Mikhail; Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Patra, Satyajit; Wenger, Jérôme (2020). "Zero-mode waveguides can be made better: fluorescence enhancement with rectangular aluminum nanoapertures from the visible to the deep ultraviolet". Nanoscale Advances. 2 (9): 4153–4160. doi:10.1039/D0NA00366B. PMC 9417158. PMID 36132755.
Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Wenger, Jérôme (2021-10-21). "Purcell radiative rate enhancement of label-free proteins with ultraviolet aluminum plasmonics". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 54 (42): 425101. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac1627. ISSN 0022-3727. S2CID 235829393.
Barulin, Aleksandr; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Patra, Satyajit; Bonod, Nicolas; Wenger, Jérôme (9 October 2019). "Deep Ultraviolet Plasmonic Enhancement of Single Protein Autofluorescence in Zero-Mode Waveguides". Nano Letters. 19 (10): 7434–7442. arXiv:1909.08227. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03137. PMID 31526002. S2CID 202660648.
Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Wenger, Jérôme (5 April 2022). "Ultraviolet optical horn antennas for label-free detection of single proteins". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1842. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29546-4. PMC 8983662. PMID 35383189.
Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Tiwari, Sunny; Barulin, Aleksandr; Wenger, Jérôme (5 January 2023). "Ultraviolet Nanophotonics Enables Autofluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy on Label-Free Proteins with a Single Tryptophan". Nano Letters. 23 (2): 497–504. arXiv:2301.01516. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03797. PMID 36603115. S2CID 255416119.
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