A Wien filter also known as velocity selector is a device consisting of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields that can be used as a velocity filter for charged particles, for example in electron microscopes and spectrometers.[1][2] It is used in accelerator mass spectrometry to select particles based on their speed. The device is composed of orthogonal electric and magnetic fields, such that particles with the correct speed will be unaffected while other particles will be deflected. It is named for Wilhelm Wien who developed it in 1898 for the study of anode rays.[3][4] It can be configured as a charged particle energy analyzer, monochromator, or mass spectrometer.[1][2]
Theory
Any charged particle in an electric field will feel a force proportional to the charge and field strength such that \( {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {E}}} \), where F is force, q is charge, and E is electric field strength. Similarly, any particle moving in a magnetic field will feel a force proportional to the velocity and charge of the particle. The force felt by any particle is then equal to \( {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}} \), where F is force, q is the charge on the particle, v is the velocity of the particle, B is the strength of the magnetic field, and \( \times \) is the cross product. In the case of a velocity selector, the magnetic field is always at 90 degrees to the velocity and the force is simplified to \( {\displaystyle F=qvB} \) in the direction described by the cross product.
Setting the two forces to equal magnitude in opposite directions it can be shown that \( {\displaystyle {\frac {E}{B}}=v} \). Which means that any combination of electric ( \( {\vec {E}} \) ) and magnetic ( \({\vec {B}} \) ) fields will allow charged particles with only velocity \( {\vec {v}} \) through.
See also
Neutron velocity selector
References
H. H. Rose (2008). "Optics of high-performance electron Microscopes". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (1): 014107. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9a4107R. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/9/1/014107. PMC 5099802. PMID 27877933.
Galejs, A. (1978). "Focusing and dispersing properties of a stigmatic crossed-field energy analyzer" (PDF). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. 15 (3): 865–867. Bibcode:1978JVST...15..865G. doi:10.1116/1.569615.
Wien, W. (1898). "Untersuchungen über die electrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen" (PDF). Annalen der Physik. 301 (6): 440–452. Bibcode:1898AnP...301..440W. doi:10.1002/andp.18983010618.
Wien, Karl (1999). "100 years of ion beams: Willy Wien's canal rays" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Physics. 29 (3): 401–414. Bibcode:1999BrJPh..29..401W. doi:10.1590/S0103-97331999000300002.
Mass spectrometry
Mass m/z Mass spectrum MS software Acronyms
Ion source
AMS APCI APLI CI DAPPI DART DESI DIOS EESI EI ESI FAB FD GD IA ICP LAESI MALDI MALDESI MIP PTR SESI SIMS SS SSI SELDI TI TS
Mass analyzer
Sector Wien filter Time-of-flight Quadrupole mass filter Quadrupole ion trap Penning trap FT-ICR Orbitrap
Detector
Electron multiplier Microchannel plate detector Daly detector Faraday cup Langmuir–Taylor detector
MS combination
MS/MS QqQ Hybrid MS GC/MS LC/MS IMS/MS CE-MS
Fragmentation
BIRD CID ECD EDD ETD HCD IRMPD NETD SID
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