In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by – or the motion producing – periodical irregularities on this flow.
A classical example is the VIV of an underwater cylinder. You can see how this happens by putting a cylinder into the water (a swimming-pool or even a bucket) and moving it through the water in the direction perpendicular to its axis. Since real fluids always present some viscosity, the flow around the cylinder will be slowed while in contact with its surface, forming the so-called boundary layer. At some point, however, this boundary layer can separate from the body because of its excessive curvature. Vortices are then formed changing the pressure distribution along the surface. When the vortices are not formed symmetrically around the body (with respect to its midplane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to a limited motion amplitude (differently, than, from what would be expected in a typical case of resonance).
Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibrations due to the flow around a circular cylinder.[1]
VIV manifests itself on many different branches of engineering, from cables to heat exchanger tube arrays. It is also a major consideration in the design of ocean structures. Thus study of VIV is a part of a number of disciplines, incorporating fluid mechanics, structural mechanics, vibrations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), acoustics, statistics, and smart materials.
Motivation
They occur in many engineering situations, such as bridges, stacks, transmission lines, aircraft control surfaces, offshore structures, thermowells, engines, heat exchangers, marine cables, towed cables, drilling and production risers in petroleum production, mooring cables, moored structures, tethered structures, buoyancy and spar hulls, pipelines, cable-laying, members of jacketed structures, and other hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic applications [2]. The most recent interest in long cylindrical members[3] in water ensues from the development of hydrocarbon resources in depths of 1000 m or more. See also[4] and [5].
Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is an important source of fatigue damage of offshore oil exploration drilling, export, production risers, including steel catenary risers (SCRs) and tension leg platform (TLP) tendons or tethers. These slender structures experience both current flow and top-end vessel motions, which both give rise to the flow-structure relative motions and cause VIVs.
One of the classical open-flow problems in fluid mechanics concerns the flow around a circular cylinder, or more generally, a bluff body. At very low Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter of the circular member) the streamlines of the resulting flow is perfectly symmetric as expected from potential theory. However, as the Reynolds number is increased the flow becomes asymmetric and the so-called Kármán vortex street occurs. The motion of the cylinder thus generated due to the vortex shedding can be harnessed to generate electrical power.[6]
The Strouhal number relates the frequency of shedding to the velocity of the flow and a characteristic dimension of the body (diameter in the case of a cylinder). It is defined as \( {\displaystyle St=f_{st}D/U} \) and is named after Čeněk (Vincent) Strouhal (a Czech scientist).[7] In the equation fst is the vortex shedding frequency (or the Strouhal frequency) of a body at rest, D is the diameter of the circular cylinder, and U is the velocity of the ambient flow.
Lock-in range
The Strouhal number for a cylinder is 0.2 over a wide range of flow velocities. The phenomenon of lock-in happens when the vortex shedding frequency becomes close to a natural frequency of vibration of the structure. When this happens large and damaging vibrations can result.
Current state of art
Much progress has been made during the past decade, both numerically and experimentally, toward the understanding of the kinematics (dynamics) of VIV, albeit in the low-Reynolds number regime. The fundamental reason for this is that VIV is not a small perturbation superimposed on a mean steady motion. It is an inherently nonlinear, self-governed or self-regulated, multi-degree-of-freedom phenomenon. It presents unsteady flow characteristics manifested by the existence of two unsteady shear layers and large-scale structures.
There is much that is known and understood and much that remains in the empirical/descriptive realm of knowledge: what is the dominant response frequency, the range of normalized velocity, the variation of the phase angle (by which the force leads the displacement), and the response amplitude in the synchronization range as a function of the controlling and influencing parameters? Industrial applications highlight our inability to predict the dynamic response of fluid–structure interactions. They continue to require the input of the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the lift coefficients (or the transverse force), in-line drag coefficients, correlation lengths, damping coefficients, relative roughness, shear, waves, and currents, among other governing and influencing parameters, and thus also require the input of relatively large safety factors. Fundamental studies as well as large-scale experiments (when these results are disseminated in the open literature) will provide the necessary understanding for the quantification of the relationships between the response of a structure and the governing and influencing parameters.
It cannot be emphasized strongly enough that the current state of the laboratory art concerns the interaction of a rigid body (mostly and most importantly for a circular cylinder) whose degrees of freedom have been reduced from six to often one (i.e., transverse motion) with a three-dimensional separated flow, dominated by large-scale vortical structures.
See also
Aeroelastic flutter
Kármán vortex street
Vortex power
Vortex shedding
References
Cfm.: Placzek, A.; Sigrist, J.-F.; Hamdouni, A. (2009), "Numerical simulation of an oscillating cylinder in a cross-flow at low Reynolds number: Forced and free oscillations" (PDF), Computers & Fluids, 38 (1): 80–100, doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2008.01.007
King, Roger (BHRA Fluid Engineering), Vortex Excited Structural Oscillations of a Circular Cylinder in Steady Currents, OTC 1948, pp. 143-154, Ocean Technology Conference, 6-8 May, 1974, Houston, Texas, USA. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/OTC-1948-MS
Vandiver, J. Kim, Drag Coefficients of Long Flexible Cylinders, OTC 4490, Ocean Technology Conference, May 2-5, 1983, Houston, Texas, USA. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/OTC-4490-MS
Verley, R.L.P. (BHRA), Every, M.J. (BHRA), Wave Induced Vibration of Flexible Cylinders, OTC 2899, Ocean Technology Conference, 2-5 May, 1977, Houston, Texas, USA. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/OTC-2899-MS
Jones, G., Lamb, W.S., The Vortex Induced Vibration of Marine Risers in Sheared and Critical Flows, Advances in Underwater Technology, Ocean Science and Offshore Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 209-238, Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht 1993.
Soti A. K., Thompson M., Sheridan J., Bhardwaj R., Harnessing Electrical Power from Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Circular Cylinder, Journal of Fluids and Structures, Vol. 70, Pages 360–373, 2017, DOI: jfluidstructs.2017.02.009
Strouhal, V. (1878) "Ueber eine besondere Art der Tonerregung" (On an unusual sort of sound excitation), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 3rd series, 5 (10) : 216–251.
Further reading
Bearman, P. W. (1984), "Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 16: 195–222, Bibcode:1984AnRFM..16..195B, doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001211
Williamson, C. H. K.; Govardhan, R. (2004), "Vortex-induced vibrations", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 36: 413–455, Bibcode:2004AnRFM..36..413W, doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122128
Sarpkaya, T. (1979), "Vortex-induced oscillations: A selective review", Journal of Applied Mechanics, 46 (2): 241–258, Bibcode:1979JAM....46..241S, doi:10.1115/1.3424537
Sarpkaya, T. (2004), "A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations", Journal of Fluids and Structures, 19 (4): 389–447, Bibcode:2004JFS....19..389S, doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.02.005, hdl:10945/15340
Sarpkaya, T.; Isaacson, M. (1981), Mechanics of wave forces on offshore structures, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 978-0-442-25402-5
Sumer, B. Mutlu; Fredsøe, Jørgen (2006), Hydrodynamics around cylindrical structures, Advanced series on ocean engineering, 26 (revised ed.), World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-270-039-1
Naudascher, Edward; Rockwell, Donald (2005) [1994], Flow-induced vibrations - An Engineering Guide, International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR), 7 (Corrected reissue of first ed.), Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York, USA (A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands), ISBN 978-0-486-44282-2 (NB. Reissue contains additional errata list in appendix.)
Hong, K.-S.; Shah, U. H. (2018), "Vortex-induced vibrations and control of marine risers: A review", Ocean Engineering, 152: 300–315, doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.086
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