In quantum mechanics, a triplet is a quantum state of a system with a spin of quantum number s =1, such that there are three allowed values of the spin component, ms = −1, 0, and +1.
Spin, in the context of quantum mechanics, is not a mechanical rotation but a more abstract concept that characterizes a particle's intrinsic angular momentum. It is particularly important for systems at atomic length scales, such as individual atoms, protons, or electrons.
Almost all molecules encountered in daily life exist in a singlet state, but molecular oxygen is an exception.[1] At room temperature, O2 exists in a triplet state, which can only undergo a chemical reaction by making the forbidden transition into a singlet state. This makes it kinetically nonreactive despite being thermodynamically one of the strongest oxidants. Photochemical or thermal activation can bring it into the singlet state, which makes it kinetically as well as thermodynamically a very strong oxidant.
Two spin-1/2 particles
In a system with two spin-1/2 particles - for example the proton and electron in the ground state of hydrogen - measured on a given axis, each particle can be either spin up or spin down so the system has four basis states in all
\( \uparrow\uparrow,\uparrow\downarrow,\downarrow\uparrow,\downarrow\downarrow \)
using the single particle spins to label the basis states, where the first arrow and second arrow in each combination indicate the spin direction of the first particle and second particle respectively.
More rigorously
\( {\displaystyle |s_{1},m_{1}\rangle |s_{2},m_{2}\rangle =|s_{1},m_{1}\rangle \otimes |s_{2},m_{2}\rangle ,} \)
where \( s_{1} \) and \( s_{2} \) are the spins of the two particles, and \( m_{1} \) and \( m_{2} \) are their projections onto the z axis. Since for spin-1/2 particles, the \( {\textstyle \left|{\frac {1}{2}},m\right\rangle } \) basis states span a 2-dimensional space, the\( {\textstyle \left|{\frac {1}{2}},m_{1}\right\rangle \left|{\frac {1}{2}},m_{2}\right\rangle } \) basis states span a 4-dimensional space.
Now the total spin and its projection onto the previously defined axis can be computed using the rules for adding angular momentum in quantum mechanics using the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. In general
\( {\displaystyle |s,m\rangle =\sum _{m_{1}+m_{2}=m}C_{m_{1}m_{2}m}^{s_{1}s_{2}s}|s_{1}m_{1}\rangle |s_{2}m_{2}\rangle }\)
substituting in the four basis states
\( {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left|{\frac {1}{2}},+{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \;\left|{\frac {1}{2}},+{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \ (\uparrow \uparrow )\\\left|{\frac {1}{2}},+{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \;\left|{\frac {1}{2}},-{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \ (\uparrow \downarrow )\\\left|{\frac {1}{2}},-{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \;\left|{\frac {1}{2}},+{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \ (\downarrow \uparrow )\\\left|{\frac {1}{2}},-{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \;\left|{\frac {1}{2}},-{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rangle \ (\downarrow \downarrow )\end{aligned}}}
returns the possible values for total spin given along with their representation in the\( {\textstyle \left|{\frac {1}{2}},m_{1}\right\rangle \left|{\frac {1}{2}},m_{2}\right\rangle } \) basis. There are three states with total spin angular momentum 1:
\( {\displaystyle \left.{\begin{array}{ll}|1,1\rangle &=\;\uparrow \uparrow \\|1,0\rangle &=\;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow +\downarrow \uparrow )\\|1,-1\rangle &=\;\downarrow \downarrow \end{array}}\right\}\quad s=1\quad \mathrm {(triplet)} }\)
which are symmetric and a fourth state with total spin angular momentum 0:
\( {\displaystyle \left.|0,0\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow -\downarrow \uparrow )\;\right\}\quad s=0\quad \mathrm {(singlet)} }\)
which is antisymmetric. The result is that a combination of two spin-1/2 particles can carry a total spin of 1 or 0, depending on whether they occupy a triplet or singlet state.
A mathematical viewpoint
In terms of representation theory, what has happened is that the two conjugate 2-dimensional spin representations of the spin group SU(2) = Spin(3) (as it sits inside the 3-dimensional Clifford algebra) have tensored to produce a 4 dimensional representation. The 4 dimensional representation descends to the usual orthogonal group SO(3) and so its objects are tensors, corresponding to the integrality of their spin. The 4 dimensional representation decomposes into the sum of a one-dimensional trivial representation (singlet, a scalar, spin zero) and a three-dimensional representation (triplet, spin 1) that is nothing more than the standard representation of SO(3) on \( R^{3} \). Thus the "three" in triplet can be identified with the three rotation axes of physical space.
See also
Singlet state
Doublet state
Diradical
Angular momentum
Pauli matrices
Spin multiplicity
Spin quantum number
Spin-1/2
Spin tensor
Spinor
References
Borden, Weston Thatcher; Hoffmann, Roald; Stuyver, Thijs; Chen, Bo (2017). "Dioxygen: What Makes This Triplet Diradical Kinetically Persistent?". JACS. 139 (26): 9010–9018. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04232. PMID 28613073.
Griffiths, David J. (2004). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-111892-8.
Shankar, R. (1994). "chapter 14-Spin". Principles of Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-44790-7.
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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