In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure.[1] It measures the rate of transfer of heat of a material from the hot end to the cold end. It has the SI derived unit of m²/s. Thermal diffusivity is usually denoted α but a,h,κ,[2] K,[3] and D are also used. The formula is:
\( {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {k}{\rho c_{p}}}} \) [4]
where
k is thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))
\( c_{p} \) is specific heat capacity (J/(kg·K))
\( \rho \) is density (kg/m³)
Together, \( \rho c_p\, \) can be considered the volumetric heat capacity (J/(m³·K)).
As seen in the heat equation,[5]
\( \frac{\partial T}{\partial t} = \alpha \nabla^2 T , \)
one way to view thermal diffusivity is as the ratio of the time derivative of temperature to its curvature, quantifying the rate at which temperature concavity is "smoothed out". In a sense, thermal diffusivity is the measure of thermal inertia.[6] In a substance with high thermal diffusivity, heat moves rapidly through it because the substance conducts heat quickly relative to its volumetric heat capacity or 'thermal bulk'.
Thermal diffusivity is often measured with the flash method.[7][8] It involves heating a strip or cylindrical sample with a short energy pulse at one end and analyzing the temperature change (reduction in amplitude and phase shift of the pulse) a short distance away.[9][10]
| Material | Thermal diffusivity (mm²/s) |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|
| Pyrolytic graphite, parallel to layers | 1220 | |
| Carbon/carbon composite at 25 °C | 216.5 | [12] |
| Helium (300 K, 1 atm) | 190 | [13] |
| Silver, pure (99.9%) | 165.63 | |
| Hydrogen (300 K, 1 atm) | 160 | [13] |
| Gold | 127 | [14] |
| Copper at 25 °C | 111 | [12] |
| Aluminium | 97 | [14] |
| Silicon | 88 | [14] |
| Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) at 20 °C | 74.2 | [15] |
| Aluminium 6061-T6 Alloy | 64 | [14] |
| Molybdenum (99.95%) at 25 °C | 54.3 | [16] |
| Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) at 20 °C | 44.0 | [17] |
| Tin | 40 | [14] |
| Water vapour (1 atm, 400 K) | 23.38 | |
| Iron | 23 | [14] |
| Argon (300 K, 1 atm) | 22 | [13] |
| Nitrogen (300 K, 1 atm) | 22 | [13] |
| Air (300 K) | 19 | [14] |
| Steel, AISI 1010 (0.1% carbon) | 18.8 | [18] |
| Aluminium oxide (polycrystalline) | 12.0 | |
| Steel, 1% carbon | 11.72 | |
| Si3 N4 with CNTs 26 °C | 9.142 | [19] |
| Si3 N4 without CNTs 26 °C | 8.605 | [19] |
| Steel, stainless 304A at 27 °C | 4.2 | [14] |
| Pyrolytic graphite, normal to layers | 3.6 | |
| Steel, stainless 310 at 25 °C | 3.352 | [20] |
| Inconel 600 at 25 °C | 3.428 | [21] |
| Quartz | 1.4 | [14] |
| Sandstone | 1.15 | |
| Ice at 0 °C | 1.02 | |
| Silicon Dioxide (Polycrystalline) | 0.83 | [14] |
| Brick, common | 0.52 | |
| Glass, window | 0.34 | |
| Brick, adobe | 0.27 | |
| PC (Polycarbonate) at 25 °C | 0.144 | [22] |
| Water at 25 °C | 0.143 | [22] |
| PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylene) at 25 °C | 0.124 | [23] |
| PP (Polypropylene) at 25 °C | 0.096 | [22] |
| Nylon | 0.09 | |
| Rubber | 0.089 - 0.13 | [3] |
| Wood (Yellow Pine) | 0.082 | |
| Paraffin at 25 °C | 0.081 | [22] |
| PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) | 0.08 | [14] |
| Oil, engine (saturated liquid, 100 °C) | 0.0738 | |
| Alcohol | 0.07 | [14] |
See also
Heat equation
Laser flash analysis
Thermodiffusion
Thermal effusivity
Thermal time constant
References
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