SNO+

SNO+ is a physics experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, with secondary measurements of proton–electron–proton (pep) solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos from radioactive decays in the Earth, and reactor neutrinos. It is under construction (as of February 2017) using the underground equipment already installed for the former Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) experiment at SNOLAB. It could also observe supernovae neutrinos if a supernova occurs in our galaxy.

Physics Goals

The primary goal of the SNO+ detector is the search for neutrinoless double beta decay, specifically with regard to decay of 130 T e {\displaystyle ^{130}Te} {\displaystyle ^{130}Te}[1], to understand if a neutrino is its own anti-particle (i.e. a majorana fermion). Secondary physics goals include measurement of neutrinos or antineutrinos from:

Proton-electron-proton (pep) and carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycles within the sun to better understand neutrino-matter interaction and solar composition.
Beta decay of uranium and thorium within the Earth (geoneutrinos) to constrain Earth's radioactive heat budget.
Beta decay of fission daughter products in nuclear reactors (reactor antineutrinos) to better constrain neutrino oscillation parameters.
Supernova neutrinos and antineutrinos for early warning detection of supernova (see Supernova Early Warning System).
Nucleon decay into neutrinos, which would indicate a violation of baryon conservation.

Testing and construction

The previous experiment, SNO, used water within the sphere and relied on Cherenkov radiation interaction. The SNO+ experiment will use the sphere filled with linear alkyl benzene to act as a liquid scintillator and target material.[2] The sphere is surrounded with photomultiplier tubes and the assembly is floated in water and the sphere held down against the resulting buoyant forces by ropes. Testing (filled with water) is expected to begin early 2016, with full operation with liquid a few months after that, and Tellurium loading begins in 2017.[1]

A neutrino interaction with this liquid produces several times more light than an interaction in a water Cherenkov experiment such as the original SNO experiment or Super-Kamiokande. The energy threshold for the detection of neutrinos can, therefore, be lower, and proton–electron–proton solar neutrinos (with an energy of 1.44 MeV) can be observed. In addition, a liquid scintillator experiment can detect anti-neutrinos like those created in nuclear fission reactors and the decay of thorium and uranium in the earth.

SNO+ uses 780 tonnes of linear alkylbenzene as the scintillator (the detector started to be filled with the scintillator at the end of 2018 [3]) and will be filled with 130 T e {\displaystyle ^{130}Te} {\displaystyle ^{130}Te}[1] in the future. Originally the plan was to fill with 0.3 % Te-130 (800 kg) [1], but later talks have cited 0.5 % (1.3 tonnes)[4]

Earlier proposals placed more emphasis on neutrino observations. The current emphasis on neutrinoless double beta decay is because the interior of the acrylic vessel has been significantly contaminated by radioactive daughter products of the radon gas that is common in the mine air. These could leach into the scintillator, where some would be removed by the filtration system, but the remainder may interfere with low-energy neutrino measurements.[5] The neutrinoless double beta decay observations are not affected by this.[5]

The project received funding for initial construction from NSERC in April 2007. As of early 2013, the cavity had been refurbished and re-sealed to new cleanliness standards, more stringent than for the original SNO due to the new experiment's greater sensitivity.

The main civil engineering challenge is that the current SNO vessel is supported by a series of ropes, to prevent the weight of the heavy water inside from sinking it in the surrounding normal water. The proposed liquid scintillator (linear alkylbenzene) is lighter than water, and must be held down instead, but still without blocking the view of its interior. The existing support rope attachment points, cast into the acrylic sphere's equator, are not suitable for upside-down use.
Computing

The collaboration is investigating the use of grid resources to deliver the computing power needed by the experiment. This is after the success of the LHC Computing Grid (wLCG) used by the LHC experiments. The SNO+ VO has been using resources provided by GridPP.[6]
References

Andringa, S.; et al. (SNO+ Collaboration) (2015). "Current Status and Future Prospects of the SNO+ Experiment". Advances in High Energy Physics. 2016: 1–21. arXiv:1508.05759. doi:10.1155/2016/6194250. S2CID 10721441.
Lasserre, T.; Fechner, M.; Mention, G.; Reboulleau, R.; Cribier, M.; Letourneau, A.; Lhuillier, D. (2010). "SNIF: A Futuristic Neutrino Probe for Undeclared Nuclear Fission Reactors". arXiv:1011.3850 [nucl-ex].
"NEW BEGINNINGS FOR SNO+ DETECTOR". Retrieved 14 December 2018.
Paton, Josephine (19–21 December 2018). Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in the SNO+ Experiment. Prospects in Neutrino Physics (NuPhys2018). Cavendish Centre, London. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
Kaspar, Jarek; Biller, Steve (10 September 2013). SNO+ with Tellurium. 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics. Asilomar, California. p. 21. Retrieved 2015-08-18.

"Grid Computing". SNO+. Retrieved 2014-08-05.