Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power is a book published in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot.[1][2][3][4][5] The 118-page book's French title was Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance. It is a significant publication in the history of thermodynamics about a generalized theory of heat engines.
Overview
The book is considered the founding work of thermodynamics.[2]:introduction It contains the preliminary outline of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot stated that motive power is due to the fall of caloric (heat) from a hot to a cold body.
The work was unnoticed until 1834 when French mining engineer Émile Clapeyron put it on a graphical footing in his Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat.[4] Through Clapeyron's paper, German physicist Rudolf Clausius learned of Carnot's theory of heat and through a modification of Carnot's suppositions on heat, Clausius put the second law in mathematical form with his introduction of the concept of entropy.[6]
By 1849, thermo-dynamic, as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.[7]
The Reflections contain a number of principles such as the Carnot cycle, the Carnot heat engine, Carnot's theorem, thermodynamic efficiency. Similar to how the Reflections was the precursor to the second law, English physicist James Joule's 1843 paper Mechanical equivalent of heat was the precursor to the first law of thermodynamics.
Despite the fact that the caloric theory of heat was incorrect, Carnot's work brought together three insights that remain relevant and was used by his successors that led to the concept of entropy:
The "fall of heat" from a high temperature to a lower temperature is where the work comes from.
Analyzing a cycle, rather than an open system, is the correct way to analyze a heat engine.
The concept of a reversible process.
See also
Timeline of thermodynamics
References
Carnot, Sadi (1824). Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance (in French). Paris: Bachelier.
Carnot, Sadi; Thurston, Henry (editor and translator) (1890). Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. OL 14037447M. (full text of 1897 ed.)
Carnot, Sadi; Magie, William Francis (editor and translator) (1899). "Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Engines Suitable for Developing this Power". The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Memoirs by Carnot, Clausius, and Thomson. Harper & Brothers. OL 7072574M.
Carnot, Sadi; Clapeyron, E.; Clausius, R. (1960). Mendoza, Eric (ed.). Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire – and other Papers on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-44641-7.
Carnot, Sadi; Fox, Robert (1986), Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire: a Critical Edition with the Surviving Scientific Manuscripts, Manchester University Press ; Lilian Barber Press, New York, ISBN 978-0-936508-16-0
Clausius, R. (1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.
Kelvin, William T. (1849) An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat - with Numerical Results Deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam. Transactions of the Edinburgh Royal Society, XVI. January 2. Scanned Copy
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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