In particle physics, the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (PMNS matrix), Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (MNS matrix), lepton mixing matrix, or neutrino mixing matrix is a unitary[a] mixing matrix which contains information on the mismatch of quantum states of neutrinos when they propagate freely and when they take part in the weak interactions. It is a model of neutrino oscillation. This matrix was introduced in 1962 by Ziro Maki, Masami Nakagawa and Shoichi Sakata,[1] to explain the neutrino oscillations predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo.[2]
The PMNS matrix
The Standard Model of particle physics contains three generations or "flavors" of neutrinos, \( \nu _{e} \), \( \nu _{\mu } \), and \( {\textstyle \nu _{\tau }} \) labeled according to the charged leptons with which they partner in the charged-current weak interaction. These three eigenstates of the weak interaction form a complete, orthonormal basis for the Standard Model neutrino. Similarly, one can construct an eigenbasis out of three neutrino states of definite mass, \( \nu_1 \) , \( \nu_2 \) , and \( \nu_3 \), which diagonalize the neutrino's free-particle Hamiltonian. Observations of neutrino oscillation have experimentally determined that for neutrinos, as for quarks, these two eigenbases are not the same - they are "rotated" relative to each other. Each flavor eigenstate can thus be written as a superposition of mass eigenstates, and vice versa. The PMNS matrix, with components \( {\displaystyle U_{\alpha \,i}} \) corresponding to the amplitude of mass eigenstate i {\displaystyle i} i in flavor α {\displaystyle \alpha \,} \alpha \,, parameterizes the unitary transformation between the two bases:
\( {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\nu _{e}}\\{\nu _{\mu }}\\{\nu _{\tau }}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}U_{e1}&U_{e2}&U_{e3}\\U_{\mu 1}&U_{\mu 2}&U_{\mu 3}\\U_{\tau 1}&U_{\tau 2}&U_{\tau 3}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\nu _{1}\\\nu _{2}\\\nu _{3}\end{bmatrix}}~.} \)
The vector on the left represents a generic neutrino expressed in the flavor-eigenstate basis, and on the right is the PMNS matrix multiplied by a vector representing that same neutrino in the mass-eigenstate basis. A neutrino of a given flavor α {\displaystyle \alpha } \alpha is thus a "mixed" state of neutrinos with distinct mass: If one could measure directly that neutrino's mass, it would be found to have mass \( m_{i} \) with probability \( {\displaystyle |U_{\alpha \,i}|^{2}} \).
The PMNS matrix for antineutrinos is identical to the matrix for neutrinos under CPT symmetry.
Due to the difficulties of detecting neutrinos, it is much more difficult to determine the individual coefficients than in the equivalent matrix for the quarks (the CKM matrix).
Assumptions
Standard Model
As noted above, PMNS matrix is unitary. That is, the sum of the squares of the values in each row and in each column, which represent the probabilities of different possible events given the same starting point, add up to 100%,
In the simplest case, the Standard Model posits three generations of neutrinos with Dirac mass that oscillate between three neutrino mass eigenvalues, an assumption that is made when best fit values for its parameters are calculated.
Other models
The PMNS matrix is not necessarily unitary, and additional parameters are necessary to describe all possible neutrino mixing parameters in other models of neutrino oscillation and mass generation, such as the see-saw model, and in general, in the case of neutrinos that have Majorana mass rather than Dirac mass.
There are also additional mass parameters and mixing angles in a simple extension of the PMNS matrix in which there are more than three flavors of neutrinos, regardless of the character of neutrino mass. As of July 2014, scientists studying neutrino oscillation are actively considering fits of the experimental neutrino oscillation data to an extended PMNS matrix with a fourth, light "sterile" neutrino and four mass eigenvalues, although the current experimental data tends to disfavor that possibility.[3][4][5]
Parameterization
In general, there are nine degrees of freedom in any unitary three by three matrix. However, in the case of the PMNS matrix five of those real parameters can be absorbed as phases of the lepton fields and thus the PMNS matrix can be fully described by four free parameters.[6] The PMNS matrix is most commonly parameterized by three mixing angles ( \( {\displaystyle \theta _{12}} \) , \( {\displaystyle \theta _{23}} \) , and \) \theta _{{13}} \)) and a single phase angle called δ \) {\displaystyle \delta _{\text{CP}}} \) related to charge-parity violations (i.e. differences in the rates of oscillation between two states with opposite starting points which makes the order in time in which events take place necessary to predict their oscillation rates), in which case the matrix can be written as:
\( {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&c_{23}&s_{23}\\0&-s_{23}&c_{23}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}c_{13}&0&s_{13}e^{-i\delta _{\text{CP}}}\\0&1&0\\-s_{13}e^{i\delta _{\text{CP}}}&0&c_{13}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}c_{12}&s_{12}&0\\-s_{12}&c_{12}&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}\\&={\begin{bmatrix}c_{12}c_{13}&s_{12}c_{13}&s_{13}e^{-i\delta _{\text{CP}}}\\-s_{12}c_{23}-c_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{\text{CP}}}&c_{12}c_{23}-s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{\text{CP}}}&s_{23}c_{13}\\s_{12}s_{23}-c_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{\text{CP}}}&-c_{12}s_{23}-s_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{\text{CP}}}&c_{23}c_{13}\end{bmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}} \)
where \( s_{ij} \) and \( c_{ij} \) are used to denote \( {\displaystyle \sin \theta _{ij}} \) and \( {\displaystyle \cos \theta _{ij}} \) respectively. In the case of Majorana neutrinos, two extra complex phases are needed, as the phase of Majorana fields cannot be freely redefined due to the condition \( {\displaystyle \nu =\nu ^{c}~} \) . An infinite number of possible parameterizations exist; one other common example being the Wolfenstein parameterization.
The mixing angles have been measured by a variety of experiments (see neutrino mixing for a description). The CP-violating phase δ CP {\displaystyle \delta _{\text{CP}}} {\displaystyle \delta _{\text{CP}}} has not been measured directly, but estimates can be obtained by fits using the other measurements.
Experimentally measured parameter values
As of January 2018, the current best-fit values from "NuFIT.org".,[7] from direct and indirect measurements, using normal ordering, are:[8]
\( {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\theta _{12}&=\ \ {33.62^{\circ }}_{-0.76^{\circ }}^{+0.78^{\circ }}\\\theta _{23}&=\ \ {47.2^{\circ }}_{-3.9^{\circ }}^{+1.9^{\circ }}\\\theta _{13}&=\quad {8.54^{\circ }}_{-0.15^{\circ }}^{+0.15^{\circ }}\\\delta _{\textrm {CP}}&={234^{\circ }}_{-31^{\circ }}^{+43^{\circ }}\\\end{aligned}}} \)
The 3σ ranges (99.7% confidence) for the magnitudes of the elements of the current matrix are:[9]
\( {\displaystyle |U|={\begin{bmatrix}|U|_{e1}&|U|_{e2}&|U|_{e3}\\|U|_{\mu 1}&|U|_{\mu 2}&|U|_{\mu 3}\\|U|_{\tau 1}&|U|_{\tau 2}&|U|_{\tau 3}\end{bmatrix}}=\left[{\begin{array}{rrr}0.799\ldots 0.844&0.516\ldots 0.582&0.141\ldots 0.156\\0.242\ldots 0.494&0.467\ldots 0.678&0.639\ldots 0.774\\0.284\ldots 0.521&0.490\ldots 0.695&0.615\ldots 0.754\end{array}}\right]} \)
Notes regarding the best fit parameter values
These best fit values imply that there is much more neutrino mixing than there is mixing between the quark flavors in the CKM matrix (in the CKM matrix, the corresponding mixing angles are \( {\displaystyle \theta _{12}=\,} \) 13.04°±0.05°, \( {\displaystyle \theta _{23}=\,} \) 2.38°±0.06°, \( {\displaystyle \theta _{13}=\,} \) 0.201°±0.011°).
These values are inconsistent with tribimaximal neutrino mixing (i.e. \({\displaystyle \theta _{12}=\theta _{23}=45^{\circ }} \) , \( {\displaystyle \theta _{13}=0^{\circ }}) \) at a statistical significance of more than five standard deviations. Tribimaximal neutrino mixing was a common assumption in theoretical physics papers analyzing neutrino oscillation before more precise measurements were available.
The value of \( {\displaystyle \theta _{23}} \) is somewhat poorly constrained; a value equal to exactly 45° is currently consistent with the data.
See also
Neutrino oscillations
Koide formula
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix
Notes
The PMNS matrix is not unitary in the seesaw model.
References
Maki, Z; Nakagawa, M.; Sakata, S. (1962). "Remarks on the Unified Model of Elementary Particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 28 (5): 870. Bibcode:1962PThPh..28..870M. doi:10.1143/PTP.28.870.
Pontecorvo, B. (1957). "Inverse beta processes and nonconservation of lepton charge". Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki. 34: 247. reproduced and translated in "[no title cited]". Soviet Physics JETP. 7: 172. 1958.
Kayser, Boris (13 February 2014). "Are There Sterile Neutrinos?". AIP Conference Proceedings: 201–203.arXiv:1402.3028. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.761.2915. doi:10.1063/1.4883431.
Esmaili, Arman; Kemp, Ernesto; Peres, O. L. G.; Tabrizi, Zahra (30 Oct 2013). "Probing light sterile neutrinos in medium baseline reactor experiments". Physical Review D. 88 (7): 073012.arXiv:1308.6218. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..88g3012E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.073012.
F.P. An, et al.(Daya Bay collaboration) (27 July 2014). "Search for a Light Sterile Neutrino at Daya Bay". Physical Review Letters. 113 (14): 141802.arXiv:1407.7259. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113n1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.141802. PMID 25325631.
Valle, J.W.F. (2006). "Neutrino physics overview". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 53 (1): 473–505.arXiv:hep-ph/0608101. Bibcode:2006JPhCS..53..473V. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/53/1/031.
Esteban, Ivan; Gonzalez-Garcia, M.C.; Maltoni, Michele; Martinez Soler, Ivan; Schwetz, Thomas (2018). "Updated fit to three neutrino mixing: exploring the accelerator-reactor complementarity". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2017 (1): 87.arXiv:1611.01514. Bibcode:2017JHEP...01..087E. doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2017)087.
Esteban, Ivan; Gonzalez-Garcia, Concha; Hernandez-Cabezudo, Alvaro; Maltoni, Michele; Martinez Soler, Ivan; Schwetz, Thomas (January 2018). "Parameter Ranges". NuFIT.org. Three-neutrino fit (NuFIT 3.2 ed.). Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Esteban, Ivan; Gonzalez Garcia, Concha; Hernandez Cabezudo, Alvaro; Maltoni, Michele; Martinez Soler, Ivan; Schwetz, Thomas (January 2018). "Leptonic mixing matrix". NuFIT.org. Three-neutrino fit (NuFIT 3.2 ed.). Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Gonzalez-Garcia, M. C.; Maltoni, Michele; Salvado, Jordi; Schwetz, Thomas (21 December 2012). "Global fit to three neutrino mixing: Critical look at present precision". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (12): 123.arXiv:1209.3023. Bibcode:2012JHEP...12..123G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.762.7366. doi:10.1007/JHEP12(2012)123.
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