Orthovoltage x-rays are produced by x-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 100–500 kV range, and therefore the x-rays have a peak energy in the 100–500 keV range.[1] Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed "deep" x-rays (DXR).[2] They cover the upper limit of energies used for diagnostic radiography, and are used in external beam radiotherapy to treat cancer and tumors. They penetrate tissue to a useful depth of about 4–6 cm.[3] This makes them useful for treating skin, superficial tissues, and ribs, but not for deeper structures such as lungs or pelvic organs.[4]
History
The energy and penetrating ability of the x-rays produced by an x-ray tube increases with the voltage on the tube. External beam radiotherapy began around the turn of the 20th century with ordinary diagnostic x-ray tubes, which used voltages below 150 kV.[5] Physicians found that these were adequate for treating superficial tumors, but not tumors inside the body. Since these low energy x-rays were mostly absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue, to deliver a large enough radiation dose to buried tumors would cause severe skin burns.[6]
Therefore beginning in the 1920s "orthovoltage" 200–500 kV x-ray machines were built.[7] These were found to be able to reach shallow tumors, but to treat tumors deep in the body more voltage was needed. By the 1930s and 1940s megavoltage X-rays produced by huge machines with 3-5 million volts on the tube, began to be employed. With the introduction of linear accelerators in the 1970s, which could produce 4-30 MV beams, orthovoltage x-rays are now considered quite shallow.[8]
See also
Megavoltage X-rays
References
Podgorsak, E. B. (2005). "Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy". Radiation oncology physics: a handbook for teachers and students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 125. ISBN 978-92-0-107304-4.
Cerry, Pam; Duxbury, Angela (1998). Practical Radiotherapy: Physics and Equipment. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 107. ISBN 9781900151061.
Hill, Robin; Healy, Brendan; Holloway, Lois; Kuncic, Zdenka; Thwaites, David; Baldock, Clive (21 March 2014). "Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 59 (6): R183–R231. Bibcode:2014PMB....59R.183H. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/R183. PMID 24584183.
Hansen, Eric; Roach III, Mack (2007). Handbook of Evidence-based Radiation Oncology. New York: Springer. p. 5. ISBN 9780387306476.
Zaidi, Zohra; Walton, Shernaz (2013). A Manual of Dermatology. New Delhi: JP Brothers Medical. p. 872. ISBN 9789350904589.
Khan, Faiz M.; Gibbons, John P. (2014). Khan's The Physics of Radiation Therapy (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 41. ISBN 9781469881263.
Linz, Ute (2011). "From X-Rays to Ion Beams: A Short History of Radiation Therapy" (PDF). Ion Beam Therapy. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. 320 (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 6. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21414-1_1. ISBN 978-3-642-21413-4.
Cognetta, Armand B.; Mendenhall, William M. (2013). Radiation Therapy for Skin Cancer. New York: Springer. p. 33. ISBN 9781461469865.
Radiation oncology
Specific
therapies
Teletherapy1
by photon
Superficial X-rays Orthovoltage X-rays Megavoltage X-rays Radiosurgery / Stereotactic radiation therapy
Cyberknife Gamma Knife Cobalt therapy
by electron
Electron therapy
by hadron
Particle therapy
fast neutron neutron-capture proton
Brachytherapy2
Prostate
125I 103Pd Plaque radiotherapy (125I) Selective internal radiation therapy / SIR-Spheres / TheraSphere (90Y)
Unsealed source
radiotherapy3
Iobenguane (131I) 90Y Lexidronam (153Sm) 89Sr Radioimmunotherapy
ibritumomab tiuxetan
Other
Intraoperative radiation therapy
electron TARGIT Tomotherapy
Conditions
Radiation burn Radiation proctitis Radiation-induced lung injury
Features and
equipment
BEAMnrc Bolus Bragg peak D50 Dose profile Dose verification system Dose-volume histogram Dosimetry Isocenter Mobetron Monitor unit Multileaf collimator Nanoimpellers Neutron generator Oxygen enhancement ratio Pencil Pencil-beam scanning Percentage depth dose curve Radiation oncologist Radiation Therapist Radiation treatment planning Radiopharmacology Tissue to Air Ratio (TAR)
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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