The Nucifer Experiment is a proposed test of equipment and methodologies for using neutrino detection (or, more specifically, antineutrino detection) for the monitoring of nuclear reactor activity and the assessment of the isotopic composition of reactor fuels for non-proliferation treaty compliance monitoring. Based upon an idea proposed by L.A. Mikaélyan in 1977, the Nucifer Experiment was proposed to the IAEA in October 2008.
The Nucifer Collaboration consists of researchers from a variety of French research institutions, including Subatech and CEA Saclay and from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany. No information appears to be available regarding the origin of the name "Nucifer". It is sometimes published in all-caps ("NUCIFER"), implying that it might be an acronym, but this usage is not consistent, not even among publications and presentations written by participants in the project.
Background
Following the 1977 suggestion by Mikaélyan and his collaborators of using neutrino detection for nuclear monitoring,[1][2] little work was pursued regarding implementation of the concept until researchers from the Lawrence Livermore and Sandia National Laboratories constructed a prototype antineutrino detector using 0.64 ton of Gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator and placed it 25 m from the core of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in California.[3][4][5] At an October 2008 meeting of the IAEA Novel Technologies group in Vienna, the results of the SONGS experiment were reviewed and found to demonstrate the potential for the approach. At that same meeting, participants in the Nucifer collaboration presented their proposal to construct a similar but improved detector. Their proposal included the results of extensive simulations illustrating the viability of the approach[6] and is currently being evaluated by that body as a potential safeguard against nuclear weapons proliferation.
Detector design
The design criteria specified by the IAEA call for a reactor monitoring tool which is compact, portable, inexpensive, safe, and remotely controllable. It should be possible to unobtrusively place such a monitoring device near a nuclear reactor, without adversely impacting the safe operation of that reactor, and remotely monitor for indications of the production of nuclear materials intended for weapons applications in violation of international non-proliferation treaties. For example, the detection of a change in the antineutrino spectrum consistent with the removal of a large quantity of 239Pu from the reactor would raise suspicions and warrant further investigation.[7]
The proposed detector consists of a cylindrical steel tank containing one ton of Gd-doped liquid scintillator material and 16 8" photomultiplier tubes separated from the scintillator material by a 25-cm thick acrylic disk. The entire apparatus is surrounded by layers of lead and polyethylene to provide shielding against background radiation. Between the detection tank and the shielding is a plastic scintillator muon detector designed to detect the presence of muons produced by the decay of pions from cosmic radiation. If triggered, this muon-veto device tags any signal picked up by the photomultiplier tubes within the tank, and such signals would be excluded from calculations as likely not being created by the reactor. The overall footprint of the device is 2.5 x 2.5 m2.[8][9][10]
Planned milestones
Integration tests at the Saclay ALS shallow depth lab, which has been ongoing since 2010.
Detector installation and testing at the CEA-Saclay Osiris research reactor (2011-2012).
Detector installation and testing at the ILL research reactor at Grenoble for calibration of the pure 235U ν spectrum.
Detector installation and testing at a commercial nuclear reactor. (2013)
Reactor antineutrino anomaly
One potential issue which will have to be addressed by the Nucifer experiment is an anomaly in the existing body of data regarding the neutrino/antineutrino flux from nuclear reactors around the world. Measured values of this flux appears to be only 94% of the value expected from theory.[11] It is unknown whether this is due to unknown physics (with weak mixing with sterile neutrinos being put forth as a possible explanation by some researchers[12]), experimental error in the measurements, or errors in the theoretical flux calculations. In any case, the Nucifer collaborators will be looking for this effect, and will have to take it into consideration in their calibrations.
References
Yu. V. Klimov, et al. "Neutrino method remote measurement of reactor power and power output" Atomic Energy, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 123-127, 1994
L. A. Mikaélyan "Neutrino Laboratory in the Atomic Plant (Fundamental and Applied Researches)", Neutrino-77. Proceedings of the International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Neutrino Astrophysics held 18–24 June 1922 in Baksan Valley., Moscow: Publishing Office "Nauka" vol. 2, p.383 , 1977.
N. Bowden et al., “Experimental results from an antineutrino detector for cooperative monitoring of nuclear reactors,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, Accel. Spectrum. Detect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 572, pp. 985–998, 2007
N. Bowden, “Status of recent detector deployment(s) at SONGS,”[permanent dead link] presented at the AAP Workshop, Paris, France, Dec. 2007
N.Bowden, “Reactor monitoring and safeguards using antineutrino detectors,” J. Phys., Conf. Ser., vol. 136, p. 022008, 2008
“Final Report: Focused Workshop on Antineutrino Detection for safeguards Applications”, report of IAEA Workshop, IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, Oct. 2008
M. Fallot et al. "Nuclear Reactor Simulations for Unveiling Diversive Scenarios: capabilities of the antineutrino probe", Presented at the November 2010 IAEA Symposium on International Safeguards. Paper Number: IAEA-CN-184/246.
A. Porta (for the Nucifer collaboration), "Reactor neutrino detection for non proliferation with the Nucifer experiment", J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 203, 012092. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/203/1/012092
A. Porta et al. "Reactor Neutrino Detection for Non-Proliferation With the NUCIFER Experiment", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 57, pp.2732-2739, Oct. 2010. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2009.2035119
Th. Lasserre et al. "Reactor Neutrino Detection for Non Proliferation with the NUCIFER Experiment", Presented at the November 2010 IAEA Symposium on International Safeguards. Paper Number: IAEA-CN-184/27
Mention, G., et al. “Reactor antineutrino anomaly” Physical Review D 83, 073006 (2011). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.073006.arXiv:1101.2755v4 [hep-ex]
G. Karagiorgi, "Confronting Recent Neutrino Oscillation Data with Sterile Neutrinos", Proceedings of the DPF-2011 Conference, Providence, RI, August 8–13, 2011.arXiv:1110.3735v1 [hep-ph]
External links
Andi S. Cucoanes for the Nucifer Collaboration, "Status of the Nucifer Experiment", slides from a presentation given on September 5, 2011 at the 2011 TAUP Conference in Munich.
Andi S. Cucoanes for the Nucifer Collaboration, "The Nucifer Experiment: Non-Proliferation with Reactor Antineutrinos", slides from a presentation given on July 28, 2011 at the 19th Particles and Nuclei International Conference (PANIC11) at [MIT].
A. Porta for the NUCIFER collaboration, "Reactor Neutrino Detection for Non Proliferation with the NUCIFER Experiment"[permanent dead link], slides from a presentation given on June 9, 2009 at the ANIMMA 2009 Conference in Marseille, France.
Amanda Porta, "Nucifer: reactor neutrino detection for thermal power measurement and non-proliferation purpose", slides from a presentation given on April 10, 2008 at the GDR Neutrino Meeting.
M. Cribier (APC), "Neutrinos and Non-proliferation in Europe" Earth Moon Planets, 99:331-341, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s11038-006-9105-7arXiv:0704.0548v1 [nucl-ex]
D. Delepine et al. "Nuclear reactors Monitoring using neutrinos detectors" AIP Conf. Proc. XII Mexican Workshop on Particles and Fields, 1361, pp. 398–400, 2009. DOI: 10.1063/1.3622738.
LLNL/SNL Applied Antineutrino Physics Project. LLNL-WEB-204112 (2006): neutrinos.llnl.gov
Applied Antineutrino Physics 2007 workshop: apc.univ-paris7.fr
DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2008, March 13). "New Tool To Monitor Nuclear Reactors Developed". ScienceDaily, March 13, 2008.
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