Markarian galaxies

The Markarian galaxies are a class of galaxies that have nuclei with excessive amounts of ultraviolet emissions compared with other galaxies. Benjamin Markarian drew attention to these types of galaxies starting in 1963. The nuclei of the galaxies had a blue colour, associated to stars in the classes from O to A. This blue core did not match the rest of the galaxy. The spectrum in detail tends to show a continuum that Markarian concluded was produced non-thermally. Most of these have emission lines and are characterized by highly energetic activity.[1][2] Markarian Catalogue entries are of the form "Markarian ####", and can frequently use the abbreviations Mrk, Mkr, Mkn; and rarely Ma, Mk, Mark.[3]

History

In 1964 Markarian decided to search for this kind of galaxy.[4] The First Byurakan Survey commenced in 1965 using the Schmidt telescope at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory. The telescope used a 132 cm mirror and 102 cm correcting plate. When this started it was the largest telescope to have a full aperture objective prism. The purpose of the survey was to find galaxies with an ultraviolet excess.[5] The optics used were corrected for blue violet. Prisms in this had a low dispersion of 180 nm/mm in order not to spread out the galactic core spectrum too much and confuse it with other objects. This permitted classification of galaxies with magnitudes down to 17.5.[4] Seventy galaxies with UV-continuum appeared on lists, and the term "Markarian galaxies" came into use.[4][6][7] Two more lists brought the number of galaxies up to 302 in 1969.[8][9] The FBS continued observations till 1978 with a full spectra survey at high galactic latitudes. 1980 saw the completion of plate analysis and picking the objects that would be included. Twelve more papers with objects from the First Byurakan Survey brought the list up to 1500 galaxies.[4][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

A list titled "First Byurakan Survey" circulated in 1986, including the original 1500 galaxies and 32 extras numbered from 9001 to 9032.[22] In 1989 an extended list numbering up to 1515 was published.[4][23]

In 2005, the "Second Byurakan Survey" (SBS, SBSSS, BSS, MrkII, Markarian II) was carried out, extending the MrkI survey to fainter objects, making a catalogue of 3563 objects of 1863 galaxies (SBSG) and 1700 stars (SBSS); 761 of the galaxies are AGN (155 Seyferts, 596 quasars, 10 blazars).[24][25][26]
Characteristics

The catalogues of galaxies included a name, coordinates, spectral type, visible size and morphological type of galaxy.[4] A custom designator for the galaxy core of "s" for star-like or "d" for diffuse was used, with hybrids of "ds" or "sd". A digit 1,2 or 3 indicated strong, moderate or weak UV emission. A letter "e" was appended if emission lines were apparent. Eleven galaxies had a blue star in the foreground creating the ultraviolet excess, so these galaxies do not really fall into the class.[27] Another problem is duplicate entries where Mrk 107 is Mrk 20, Mrk 1318 is Mrk 49, and Mrk 890 is Mrk 503.[28]

The various objects in this catalogue include Seyfert galaxies, starburst galaxies, H II regions, active galactic nuclei, BL Lac objects and quasars.[27] Some objects are actually giant glowing regions of ionized hydrogen in a galaxy including Mrk 59, 71, 86b, 94, 256b, 404, 489b, 1039, 1236, 1315, and 1379a.[27] Other galaxies have black holes shooting hot gas in energetic jets. Many are variable, showing the brightness comes from a small region.
Publications listing the Markarian galaxies

I	1-70	Markaryan, B. E. (1967). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. I". Astrofizika. 3: 24-3. Bibcode:1967Afz.....3...24M.	^[29]
II	71-200	Markaryan, B. E. (1971). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. II". Astrophysics. 5 (3): 206–225. Bibcode:1969Ap......5..206M. doi:10.1007/BF01004709. S2CID 189853983.	^[30]
III	201-302	Markaryan, B. E. (1972). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. III". Astrophysics. 5 (4): 286–301. Bibcode:1969Ap......5..286M. doi:10.1007/BF01003911. S2CID 122041141.	^[31]
IV	303-401	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1974). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. IV". Astrophysics. 7 (4): 299. Bibcode:1971Ap......7..299M. doi:10.1007/BF01003012. S2CID 189854546.	^[32]
V	402-507	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1974). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum V". Astrophysics. 8 (2): 89. Bibcode:1972Ap......8...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01002156. S2CID 122248004.	^[33]
VI	508-604	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1975). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VI". Astrophysics. 9 (4): 283. Bibcode:1973Ap......9..283M. doi:10.1007/BF01002512. S2CID 122009161.	^[34]
VII	605-700	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1975). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VII". Astrophysics. 10 (3): 185. Bibcode:1974Ap.....10..185M. doi:10.1007/BF01001549. S2CID 121911373.	^[35]
VIII	701-797	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1977). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. VIII". Astrophysics. 12 (3): 241. Bibcode:1976Ap.....12..241M. doi:10.1007/BF01003320. S2CID 189854090.	^[36]
IX	798-895	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1977). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. IX". Astrophysics. 12 (4): 429. Bibcode:1976Ap.....12..429M. doi:10.1007/BF01000934. S2CID 122675035.	^[37]
X	896-995	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1978). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. X". Astrophysics. 13 (2): 116. Bibcode:1977Ap.....13..116M. doi:10.1007/BF01005701. S2CID 119824370.	^[38]
XI	996-1095	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1978). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XI". Astrophysics. 13 (3): 215. Bibcode:1977Ap.....13..215M. doi:10.1007/BF01001214. S2CID 122275044.	^[39]
XII	1096-1194	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1979). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XII". Astrophysics. 15 (2): 130. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..130M. doi:10.1007/BF01006033. S2CID 122627993.	^[40]
XIII	1195-1302	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1980). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIII". Astrophysics. 15 (3): 235. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..235M. doi:10.1007/BF01004367. S2CID 117067477.	^[41]
XIV	1303-1399	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1980). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIV". Astrophysics. 15 (4): 363. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..363M. doi:10.1007/BF01005372. S2CID 117204762.	^[42]
XV	1400-1500	Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1982). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XV". Astrophysics. 17 (4): 321. Bibcode:1981Ap.....17..321M. doi:10.1007/BF01004228. S2CID 121700468.	^[43]

Gallery

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331 (top center)
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Further reading

Petrosian, A.; McLean, B.; Allen, R. J.; MacKenty, J. W. (May 2007). "Markarian Galaxies. I. The Optical Database and Atlas". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 170 (1): 33–70. Bibcode:2007ApJS..170...33P. doi:10.1086/511333.
Petrosian, A.; McLean, B.; Allen, R. J.; MacKenty, J. W. (August 2008). "Erratum: 'Markarian Galaxies. I. The Optical Database and Atlas'". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 177 (2): 645–646. Bibcode:2008ApJS..177..645P. doi:10.1086/588098.

References

Koioian, Gabriel; Dickinson, D. F.; Tovmassian, H.; Purton, C. R.; Sramek, R. A. (15 January 1976). "The Radio Spectra of Markarian Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 203 (1): 323–328. Bibcode:1976ApJ...203..323K. doi:10.1086/154082.
Markarian, Benjamin Y. (1963). "NASA Extragalactic Database". Soobshcheniya Byurakan Observatory. 34: 3. Bibcode:1963SoByu..34....3M.
"info cati Mrk$". Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects. SIMBAD. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A.; Erastova, L. K.; Shapovalova, A. I. (1989). "The First Byurkan Survey: A Catalogue of Galaxies with UV-Continuum". Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii. 62: 5. Bibcode:1989SoSAO..62....5M.
Massaro, E.; Mickaelian, A.; Nesci, R.; Weedman, D. (2008). The Digitized First Byurakan Survey (PDF). ISBN 978-88-548-2421-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26.
Markarian, B. E. (1967). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum". Astrofizika. 3: 55. Bibcode:1967Afz.....3...55M.
Markarian, B. E. (1968). Non-stable Phenomena in Galaxies. IAU Symposium No. 29. Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR.
Markarian, Benjamin E. (1969). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. I". Astrofizika. 5: 443. Bibcode:1969Afz.....5..443M.
Markarian, B. E. (1969). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. II". Astrofizika. 5: 581. Bibcode:1969Afz.....5..581M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1971). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. IV". Astrofizika. 7: 511. Bibcode:1971Afz.....7..511M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1972). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. V". Astrofizika. 8: 155. Bibcode:1972Afz.....8..155M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1973). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VI". Astrofizika. 9: 487. Bibcode:1973Afz.....9..487M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1974). "Galaxies with Ultraviolet continuum. VII". Astrofizika. 10: 307. Bibcode:1974Afz....10..307M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1976). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VIII". Astrofizika. 12: 389. Bibcode:1976Afz....12..389M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1976). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. IX". Astrofizika. 12: 657. Bibcode:1976Afz....12..657M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1977). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continua. X". Astrofizika. 13: 225. Bibcode:1977Afz....13..225M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1977). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XI". Astrofizika. 13: 397. Bibcode:1977Afz....13..397M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1979). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XII". Astrofizika. 15: 201. Bibcode:1979Afz....15..201M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1979). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIII". Astrofizika. 15: 363. Bibcode:1979Afz....15..363M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1979). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIV". Astrofizika. 15: 549. Bibcode:1979Afz....15..549M.
Markarian, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1981). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XV". Astrofizika. 17: 619. Bibcode:1981Afz....17..619M.
Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanian, J. A. (1986). "First Byurakan Survey". unpublished.
"Frequently Asked Questions: NED and other catalogs". 29 May 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Stepanian, J. A. (2005). "The Second Byurakan Survey. General Catalogue". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (published April 2005). 41: 155–368. Bibcode:2005RMxAA..41..155S.
"info cati SBSS$". Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects. SIMBAD. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
"info cati SBSG$". Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects. SIMBAD. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
"The Data". Atlas and Database of Markarian Galaxies - Petrosian et al. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Petrosian. "The Optical Database". Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Markaryan, B. E. (1967). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. I". Astrofizika. 3: 24-3. Bibcode:1967Afz.....3...24M.
Markaryan, B. E. (1971). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. II". Astrophysics. 5 (3): 206–225. Bibcode:1969Ap......5..206M. doi:10.1007/BF01004709. S2CID 189853983.
Markaryan, B. E. (1972). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. III". Astrophysics. 5 (4): 286–301. Bibcode:1969Ap......5..286M. doi:10.1007/BF01003911. S2CID 122041141.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1974). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. IV". Astrophysics. 7 (4): 299. Bibcode:1971Ap......7..299M. doi:10.1007/BF01003012. S2CID 189854546.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1974). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum V". Astrophysics. 8 (2): 89. Bibcode:1972Ap......8...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01002156. S2CID 122248004.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1975). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VI". Astrophysics. 9 (4): 283. Bibcode:1973Ap......9..283M. doi:10.1007/BF01002512. S2CID 122009161.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1975). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VII". Astrophysics. 10 (3): 185. Bibcode:1974Ap.....10..185M. doi:10.1007/BF01001549. S2CID 121911373.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1977). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. VIII". Astrophysics. 12 (3): 241. Bibcode:1976Ap.....12..241M. doi:10.1007/BF01003320. S2CID 189854090.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A. (1977). "Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum. IX". Astrophysics. 12 (4): 429. Bibcode:1976Ap.....12..429M. doi:10.1007/BF01000934. S2CID 122675035.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1978). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. X". Astrophysics. 13 (2): 116. Bibcode:1977Ap.....13..116M. doi:10.1007/BF01005701. S2CID 119824370.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1978). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XI". Astrophysics. 13 (3): 215. Bibcode:1977Ap.....13..215M. doi:10.1007/BF01001214. S2CID 122275044.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1979). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XII". Astrophysics. 15 (2): 130. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..130M. doi:10.1007/BF01006033. S2CID 122627993.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1980). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIII". Astrophysics. 15 (3): 235. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..235M. doi:10.1007/BF01004367. S2CID 117067477.
Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1980). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIV". Astrophysics. 15 (4): 363. Bibcode:1979Ap.....15..363M. doi:10.1007/BF01005372. S2CID 117204762.

Markaryan, B. E.; Lipovetskii, V. A.; Stepanyan, Dzh A. (1982). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XV". Astrophysics. 17 (4): 321. Bibcode:1981Ap.....17..321M. doi:10.1007/BF01004228. S2CID 121700468.

External links

"MARKARIAN2 - Markarian Galaxies Optical Database". HEASARC. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Petrosian; et al. (2007). "Optical properties of Markarian galaxies". VizieR Online Data Catalog. SIMBAD (published April 2009). Bibcode:2009yCat..21700033P. J/ApJS/170/33.
SIMBAD: Objects in reference 2007ApJS..170...33P—List of Markarian objects (1528)
NED: NED results for object(s) in publication "2007ApJS..170...33P"—List of Markarian objects (1544)

vte

Galaxies
Morphology

Disc Lenticular
barred unbarred Spiral
anemic barred flocculent grand design intermediate Magellanic unbarred Dwarf galaxy
elliptical irregular spheroidal spiral Elliptical galaxy
cD Irregular
barred Peculiar Ring
Polar

Structure

Active galactic nucleus Bar Bulge Dark matter halo Disc
Disc galaxy Halo
corona Galactic center Galactic plane Galactic ridge Interstellar medium Protogalaxy Spiral arm Supermassive black hole

Active nuclei

Blazar LINER Markarian Quasar Radio
X-shaped Relativistic jet Seyfert

Energetic galaxies

Lyman-alpha emitter Luminous infrared Starburst
blue compact dwarf pea faint blue Hot dust-obscured

Low activity

Low surface brightness Ultra diffuse Dark galaxy

Interaction

Field Galactic tide Cloud Groups and clusters
group cluster Brightest cluster galaxy fossil group Interacting
merger Jellyfish Satellite Stellar stream Superclusters Walls Voids and supervoids
void galaxy

Lists

Galaxies
Galaxies named after people Largest Nearest Polar-ring Ring Spiral Groups and clusters Large quasar groups Quasars

Superclusters Voids