Light scattering by particles is the process by which small particles (e.g. ice crystals, dust, atmospheric particulates, cosmic dust, and blood cells) scatter light causing optical phenomena such as rainbows, the blue color of the sky, and halos.
Maxwell's equations are the basis of theoretical and computational methods describing light scattering, but since exact solutions to Maxwell's equations are only known for selected geometries (such as spherical particle), light scattering by particles is a branch of computational electromagnetics dealing with electromagnetic radiation scattering and absorption by particles.
In case of geometries for which analytical solutions are known (such as spheres, cluster of spheres, infinite cylinders), the solutions are typically calculated in terms of infinite series. In case of more complex geometries and for inhomogeneous particles the original Maxwell's equations are discretized and solved. Multiple-scattering effects of light scattering by particles are treated by radiative transfer techniques (see, e.g. atmospheric radiative transfer codes).
Relative size of a scattering particle is defined by size parameter which is the ratio of its characteristic dimension and wavelength
\( x={\frac {2\pi r}{\lambda }}. \)
Exact computational methods
Finite-difference time-domain method
Main article: Finite-difference time-domain method
The FDTD method belongs in the general class of grid-based differential time-domain numerical modeling methods. The time-dependent Maxwell's equations (in partial differential form) are discretized using central-difference approximations to the space and time partial derivatives. The resulting finite-difference equations are solved in either software or hardware in a leapfrog manner: the electric field vector components in a volume of space are solved at a given instant in time; then the magnetic field vector components in the same spatial volume are solved at the next instant in time; and the process is repeated over and over again until the desired transient or steady-state electromagnetic field behavior is fully evolved.
T-matrix
Main article: T-matrix method
The technique is also known as null field method and extended boundary technique method (EBCM). Matrix elements are obtained by matching boundary conditions for solutions of Maxwell equations. The incident, transmitted, and scattered field are expanded into spherical vector wave functions.
Computational approximations
Mie approximation
Main article: Mie theory
Scattering from any spherical particles with arbitrary size parameter is explained by the Mie theory. Mie theory, also called Lorenz-Mie theory or Lorenz-Mie-Debye theory, is a complete analytical solution of Maxwell's equations for the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by spherical particles (Bohren and Huffman, 1998).
For more complex shapes such as coated spheres, multispheres, spheroids, and infinite cylinders there are extensions which express the solution in terms of infinite series. There are codes available to study light scattering in Mie approximation for spheres, layered spheres, and multiple spheres and cylinders.
Discrete dipole approximation
Main article: Discrete dipole approximation
There are several techniques for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape. The discrete dipole approximation is an approximation of the continuum target by a finite array of polarizable points. The points acquire dipole moments in response to the local electric field. The dipoles of these points interact with one another via their electric fields. There are DDA codes available to calculate light scattering properties in DDA approximation.
Approximate methods
| Approximation | Refractive index | Size parameter | Phase shift |
| Rayleigh scattering | abs(mx) very small | very small | |
| Geometric optics | very large | very large | |
| Anomalous Diffraction Theory | abs(m-1) very small | x large | |
| Complex Angular Momentum | moderate m | large x |
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering regime is the scattering of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. Rayleigh scattering can be defined as scattering in small size parameter regime x ≪ 1 {\displaystyle x\ll 1} x\ll 1.
Light rays enter a raindrop from one direction (typically a straight line from the Sun), reflect off the back of the raindrop, and fan out as they leave the raindrop. The light leaving the raindrop is spread over a wide angle, with a maximum intensity at 40.89–42°.
Geometric optics (ray-tracing)
Main article: Geometric optics
Ray tracing techniques can approximate light scattering by not only spherical particles but ones of any specified shape (and orientation) so long as the size and critical dimensions of a particle are much larger than the wavelength of light. The light can be considered as a collection of rays whose widths are much larger than the wavelength but small compared to the particle itself. Each ray hitting the particle may undergo (partial) reflection and/or refraction. These rays exit in directions thereby computed with their full power or (when partial reflection is involved) with the incident power divided among two (or more) exiting rays. Just as with lenses and other optical components, ray tracing determines the light emanating from a single scatterer, and combining that result statistically for a large number of randomly oriented and positioned scatterers, one can describe atmospheric optical phenomena such as rainbows due to water droplets and halos due to ice crystals. There are atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes available.
See also
Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres
Codes for electromagnetic scattering by cylinders
Discrete dipole approximation codes
Finite-difference time-domain method
Scattering
References
Barber,P.W. and S.C. Hill, Light scattering by particles : computational methods, Singapore ; Teaneck, N.J., World Scientific, c1990, 261 p.+ 2 computer disks (3½ in.), ISBN 9971-5-0813-3, ISBN 9971-5-0832-X (pbk.)
Bohren, Craig F. and Donald R. Huffman, Title Absorption and scattering of light by small particles, New York : Wiley, 1998, 530 p., ISBN 0-471-29340-7, ISBN 978-0-471-29340-8
Hulst, H. C. van de, Light scattering by small particles, New York, Dover Publications, 1981, 470 p., ISBN 0-486-64228-3.
Kerker, Milton, The scattering of light, and other electromagnetic radiation, New York, Academic Press, 1969, 666 p.
Mishchenko, Michael I., Joop W. Hovenier, Larry D. Travis, Light scattering by nonspherical particles: theory, measurements, and applications, San Diego : Academic Press, 2000, 690 p., ISBN 0-12-498660-9.
Stratton, Julius Adams, Electromagnetic theory, New York, London, McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1941. 615 p.
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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