One of the experimental facilities at the German laboratory GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt is an Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) with electron cooling in which large numbers of highly charged radioactive ions can be stored for extended periods of time.[1] This facility provides the means to make precise measurements of their decay modes. The absence of most or all of the electrons in the ions simplifies theoretical treatments of their influence on the decay. Also, such a high degree of ionization is typical in stellar environments where such decays play an important role in nucleosynthesis.[2]
In 2007 an ESR experiment reported the observation of unexpected modulation in time of the rate of electron capture decays of highly ionized heavy atoms — 140Pr58+, which have a lifetime of 3.39 min. Such findings were soon repeated by the same group, and were extended to include the decay of 142Pm60+ (lifetime 40.5 s).[3] The oscillations in decay rate had time periods near to 7 s and amplitudes of about 20%. Such a phenomenon had not been previously observed, and was difficult to understand. The experimental group considered it very improbable that the appearance of the phenomenon is due to a technical artefact because they report that their detection technique provides—during the whole observation time—complete and uninterrupted information upon the status of each stored ion.
However, a follow up high-statistics study (2019) did not observe any time modulation: indicating the observed anomaly was purely statistical, with no physical origin.[4]
As this type of weak decay involves the production of an electron neutrino, attempt at the time were made to relate the observed oscillations to neutrino oscillations, but this proposal was highly controversial.[5]
In 2013, a similar experimental group at the ESR now called the Two-Body-Weak-Decays Collaboration reported further observations of the phenomenon with measurements on 142Pm60+ with much higher precision in period and amplitude. The same period was observed, but the amplitude was only about a half of that previously seen.[6]
Over fifty articles were published, offering and debating various possible theoretical explanations for the oscillating modulations.
References
"The Heavy Ion Storage Ring ESR". GSI. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Atanasov, Dinko; et al. (2015). "Between atomic and nuclear physics: radioactive decays of highly-charged ions". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 48 (14): 144024. Bibcode:2015JPhB...48n4024A. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/14/144024. ISSN 0953-4075.
Litvinov, Yu.A.; Bosch, F.; Winckler, N.; et al. (2008). "Observation of non-exponential orbital electron capture decays of hydrogen-like 140Pr and 142Pm ions". Physics Letters B. 664 (3): 162–168. arXiv:0801.2079. Bibcode:2008PhLB..664..162L. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.04.062. ISSN 0370-2693. S2CID 15610236.
Ozturk, F.C.; Akkus, B.; Atanasov, D.; Beyer, H.; Bosch, F.; Boutin, D.; Brandau, C.; Bühler, P.; Cakirli, R.B.; Chen, R.J.; Chen, W.D.; Chen, X.C.; Dillmann, I.; Dimopoulou, C.; Enders, W.; Essel, H.G.; Faestermann, T.; Forstner, O.; Gao, B.S.; Geissel, H.; Gernhäuser, R.; Grisenti, R.E.; Gumberidze, A.; Hagmann, S.; Heftrich, T.; Heil, M.; Herdrich, M.O.; Hillenbrand, P.-M.; Izumikawa, T.; et al. (2019). "New test of modulated electron capture decay of hydrogen-like 142Pm ions: Precision measurement of purely exponential decay". Physics Letters B. 797: 134800. arXiv:1907.06920. Bibcode:2019PhLB..79734800O. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134800. S2CID 196831969.
Giunti, Carlo (2009). "The GSI Time Anomaly: Facts and Fiction". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements. 188: 43–45. arXiv:0812.1887. Bibcode:2009NuPhS.188...43G. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.02.009. ISSN 0920-5632. S2CID 10196271.
Kienle, P.; Bosch, F.; Bühler, P.; Faestermann, T.; Litvinov, Yu.A.; Winckler, N.; et al. (2013). "High-resolution measurement of the time-modulated orbital electron capture and of the β+ decay of hydrogen-like 142Pm60+ ions". Physics Letters B. 726 (4–5): 638–645. arXiv:1309.7294. Bibcode:2013PhLB..726..638K. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.09.033. ISSN 0370-2693. S2CID 55085840.
Walker, Philip M. (2008). "Nuclear physics: A neutrino's wobble?". Nature. 453 (7197): 864–5. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..864W. doi:10.1038/453864a. PMID 18548060. S2CID 4379155.
"The Net Advance of Physics: VARIABILITY OF NUCLEAR DECAY RATES". maintains a collection of research papers on the GSI K-Capture Anomaly
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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