In nuclear physics, an energy amplifier is a novel type of nuclear power reactor, a subcritical reactor, in which an energetic particle beam is used to stimulate a reaction, which in turn releases enough energy to power the particle accelerator and leave an energy profit for power generation. The concept has more recently been referred to as an accelerator-driven system (ADS) or Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor.
None have ever been built.
History
The concept is credited to Italian scientist Carlo Rubbia, a Nobel Prize particle physicist and former director of Europe's CERN international nuclear physics lab. He published a proposal for a power reactor based on a proton cyclotron accelerator with a beam energy of 800 MeV to 1 GeV, and a target with thorium as fuel and lead as a coolant. Rubbia's scheme also borrows from ideas developed by a group led by nuclear physicist Charles Bowman of the Los Alamos National Laboratory[1]
Principle and feasibility
The energy amplifier first uses a particle accelerator (e.g. linac, synchrotron, cyclotron or FFAG) to produce a beam of high-energy (relativistic) protons. The beam is directed to smash into the nucleus of a heavy metal target, such as lead, thorium or uranium. Inelastic collisions between the proton beam and the target results in spallation, which produces twenty to thirty neutrons per event.[2] It might be possible to increase the neutron flux through the use of a neutron amplifier, a thin film of fissile material surrounding the spallation source; the use of neutron amplification in CANDU reactors has been proposed. While CANDU is a critical design, many of the concepts can be applied to a sub-critical system.[3][4] Thorium nuclei absorb neutrons, thus breeding fissile uranium-233, an isotope of uranium which is not found in nature. Moderated neutrons produce U-233 fission, releasing energy.
This design is entirely plausible with currently available technology, but requires more study before it can be declared both practical and economical.
OMEGA project (Option Making of Extra Gain from Actinides and fission products (オメガ計画)) is being studied as one of methodology of accelerator-driven system (ADS) in Japan.[5]
Richard Garwin and Georges Charpak describe the energy amplifier in detail in their book Megawatts and Megatons A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age?" (2001) on pages 153-163.
Earlier, the general concept of the energy amplifier, namely an Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor, was covered in "The Second Nuclear Era" (1985) pages 62–64, by Alvin M. Weinberg and others.
Advantages
The concept has several potential advantages over conventional nuclear fission reactors:
Subcritical design means that the reaction could not run away — if anything went wrong, the reaction would stop and the reactor would cool down. A meltdown could however occur if the ability to cool the core was lost.
Thorium is an abundant element — much more so than uranium — reducing strategic and political supply issues and eliminating costly and energy-intensive isotope separation. There is enough thorium to generate energy for at least several thousand years at current consumption rates.[6]
The energy amplifier would produce very little plutonium, so the design is believed to be more proliferation-resistant than conventional nuclear power (although the question of uranium-233 as nuclear weapon material must be assessed carefully).
The possibility exists of using the reactor to consume plutonium, reducing the world stockpile of the very-long-lived element.
Less long-lived radioactive waste is produced — the waste material would decay after 500 years to the radioactive level of coal ash.
No new science is required; the technologies to build the energy amplifier have all been demonstrated. Building an energy amplifier requires only engineering effort, not fundamental research (unlike nuclear fusion proposals).
Power generation might be economical compared to current nuclear reactor designs if the total fuel cycle and decommissioning costs are considered.
The design could work on a relatively small scale, and had the potential to load-follow by modulating the proton beam, making it more suitable for countries without a well-developed power grid system.
Inherent safety and safe fuel transport could make the technology more suitable for developing countries as well as in densely populated areas.
Disadvantages
Each reactor needs its own facility (particle accelerator) to generate the high energy proton beam, which is very costly. Apart from linear particle accelerators, which are very expensive, no proton accelerator of sufficient power and energy (> ~12 MW at 1 GeV) has ever been built. Currently, the Spallation Neutron Source utilizes a 1.44 MW proton beam to produce its neutrons, with upgrades envisioned to 5 MW.[7] Its 1.1 billion USD cost included research equipment not needed for a commercial reactor.
The fuel material needs to be chosen carefully to avoid unwanted nuclear reactions. This implies a full-scale nuclear reprocessing plant associated with the energy amplifier.[8]
See also
Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor
Alternative energy
Thorium fuel cycle
Breeder reactor, another type of nuclear reactor that aims for an energy profit by creating more fissile material than it consumes.
Thorium-based nuclear power
References
"Rubbia Floats a Plan for Accelerator Power Plants". Science. Nov 1993. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
"Spallation Target | Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)". Psi.ch. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~valeri/Mars/Mo-o-f10.pdf
"Neutron amplification in CANDU reactors" (PDF). CANDU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29.
大電流電子線加速器の性能確認試験 [Performance of Ｈigh Power CW Electron Linear Accelerator] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ōarai, Ibaraki: Japan Atomic Energy Agency. December 2000. Retrieved 2013-01-21.
David JC McKay Sustainable Energy – without the hot air'
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e04/PAPERS/TUPLT170.PDF
Conceptual design of a fast neutron operated high power energy amplifier, Carlo Rubbia et al., CERN/AT/95-44, pages 42 ff., section Practical considerations
A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE ENERGY AMPLIFIER – An in-depth review of the Energy Amplifier co-authored by Rubbia (pdf download available from the CERN document server)
Christoph Pistner, Emerging Nuclear Technologies: The Example of Carlo Rubbia's Energy Amplifier, International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation
External links
Look up thorium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
New Age Nuclear: article on energy amplifiers | Cosmos Magazine
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
