George Heilmeier proposed the dynamic scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value.
A DSM cell requires the following ingredients:
a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy (aligns the LC long axis perpendicular to the electric field),
homeotropic alignment of the LC (i.e. perpendicular to the substrate planes),
doping of the LC with a substance that increases the conductivity of the LC to allow a current to flow.
With no voltage applied the LC-cell with the homeotropically aligned LC is clear and transparent. With increasing voltage and current, the electric field is trying to align the long molecular axis of the LC perpendicular to the field while the ion transport through the layer has the tendency to align the LC perpendicular to the substrate plates. As a result, a striped repetitive pattern is generated in the cell, of which the building blocks are named "Williams domains". Upon further increase of the voltage this regular pattern is replaced by a turbulent state which is strongly scattering light. This effect belongs to the class of electro-hydrodynamic effects in LCs. Electro-optic displays can be realized with that effect in the transmissive and reflective mode of operation. The driving voltages required for light scattering are in the range of several ten volts and the non-trivial current is depending on the area of the activated segments. The DMS effect was thus not suited for battery powered electronic devices.
References
G. Heilmeier, L.A. Zanoni, and L. Barton, Proc. IEEE 56, 1162 (1968)
B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses, World Scientific, 1990
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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