In the field of ordinary differential equations, the Mingarelli identity[1] is a theorem that provides criteria for the oscillation and non-oscillation of solutions of some linear differential equations in the real domain. It extends the Picone identity from two to three or more differential equations of the second order.
The identity
Consider the n solutions of the following (uncoupled) system of second order linear differential equations over the t–interval [a, b]:
\( {\displaystyle (p_{i}(t)x_{i}^{\prime })^{\prime }+q_{i}(t)x_{i}=0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,x_{i}(a)=1,\,\,x_{i}^{\prime }(a)=R_{i}} where i = 1 , 2 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots ,n} {\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots ,n}. \)
Let \( \Delta \) denote the forward difference operator, i.e.
\( {\displaystyle \Delta x_{i}=x_{i+1}-x_{i}.} \)
The second order difference operator is found by iterating the first order operator as in
\( {\displaystyle \Delta ^{2}(x_{i})=\Delta (\Delta x_{i})=x_{i+2}-2x_{i+1}+x_{i},}, \)
with a similar definition for the higher iterates. Leaving out the independent variable t for convenience, and assuming the xi(t) ≠ 0 on (a, b], there holds the identity,[2]
\( } {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x_{n-1}^{2}\Delta ^{n-1}(p_{1}r_{1})]_{a}^{b}&=\int _{a}^{b}(x_{n-1}^{\prime })^{2}\Delta ^{n-1}(p_{1})-\int _{a}^{b}x_{n-1}^{2}\Delta ^{n-1}(q_{1})-\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}C(n-1,k)(-1)^{n-k-1}\int _{a}^{b}p_{k+1}W^{2}(x_{k+1},x_{n-1})/x_{k+1}^{2},\end{aligned}}} \)
where
\( {\displaystyle r_{i}=x_{i}^{\prime }/x_{i}} \) is the logarithmic derivative,
\( {\displaystyle W(x_{i},x_{j})=x_{i}^{\prime }x_{j}-x_{i}x_{j}^{\prime }} \) , is the Wronskian determinant,
\( {\displaystyle C(n-1,k)} are binomial coefficients.
When n = 2 this equality reduces to the Picone identity.
An application
The above identity leads quickly to the following comparison theorem for three linear differential equations,[3] which extends the classical Sturm–Picone comparison theorem.
Let pi, qi i = 1, 2, 3, be real-valued continuous functions on the interval [a, b] and let
\( {\displaystyle (p_{1}(t)x_{1}^{\prime })^{\prime }+q_{1}(t)x_{1}=0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,x_{1}(a)=1,\,\,x_{1}^{\prime }(a)=R_{1}} \)
\( {\displaystyle (p_{2}(t)x_{2}^{\prime })^{\prime }+q_{2}(t)x_{2}=0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,x_{2}(a)=1,\,\,x_{2}^{\prime }(a)=R_{2}} \)
\( {\displaystyle (p_{3}(t)x_{3}^{\prime })^{\prime }+q_{3}(t)x_{3}=0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,x_{3}(a)=1,\,\,x_{3}^{\prime }(a)=R_{3}} \)
be three homogeneous linear second order differential equations in self-adjoint form, where
pi(t) > 0 for each i and for all t in [a, b] , and
the Ri are arbitrary real numbers.
Assume that for all t in [a, b] we have,
\( {\displaystyle \Delta ^{2}(q_{1})\geq 0}, \)
\( {\displaystyle \Delta ^{2}(p_{1})\leq 0}, \)
\( {\displaystyle \Delta ^{2}(p_{1}(a)R_{1})\leq 0}. \)
Then, if x1(t) > 0 on [a, b] and x2(b) = 0, then any solution x3(t) has at least one zero in [a, b].
Notes
The locution was coined by Philip Hartman, according to Clark D.N., G. Pecelli, and R. Sacksteder (1981)
(Mingarelli 1979, p. 223).
(Mingarelli 1979, Theorem 2).
References
Clark D.N.; G. Pecelli & R. Sacksteder (1981). Contributions to Analysis and Geometry. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. ix+357. ISBN 0-80182-779-5.
Mingarelli, Angelo B. (1979). "Some extensions of the Sturm–Picone theorem". Comptes Rendus Mathématique. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Royal Society of Canada. 1 (4): 223–226.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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