In calculus, the general Leibniz rule,[1] named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule"). It states that if f and g are n-times differentiable functions, then the product \( {\displaystyle fg} \) is also n-times differentiable and its nth derivative is given by
\( {\displaystyle (fg)^{(n)}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)},} \)
where \( {n \choose k}={n! \over k!(n-k)!} \) is the binomial coefficient and \({\displaystyle f^{(j)}} \) denotes the jth derivative of f (and in particular \( {\displaystyle f^{(0)}=f} \)).
The rule can be proved by using the product rule and mathematical induction.
Second derivative
If, for example, n = 2, the rule gives an expression for the second derivative of a product of two functions:
\( {\displaystyle (fg)''(x)=\sum \limits _{k=0}^{2}{{\binom {2}{k}}f^{(2-k)}(x)g^{(k)}(x)}=f''(x)g(x)+2f'(x)g'(x)+f(x)g''(x).} \)
More than two factors
The formula can be generalized to the product of m differentiable functions f1,...,fm.
\( \left(f_{1}f_{2}\cdots f_{m}\right)^{(n)}=\sum _{k_{1}+k_{2}+\cdots +k_{m}=n}{n \choose k_{1},k_{2},\ldots ,k_{m}}\prod _{1\leq t\leq m}f_{t}^{(k_{t})}\,, \)
where the sum extends over all m-tuples (k1,...,km) of non-negative integers with \( {\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{m}k_{t}=n,} \) and
\( {\displaystyle {n \choose k_{1},k_{2},\ldots ,k_{m}}={\frac {n!}{k_{1}!\,k_{2}!\cdots k_{m}!}}} \)
are the multinomial coefficients. This is akin to the multinomial formula from algebra.
Proof
The proof of the general Leibniz rule proceeds by induction. Let f and g g be n-times differentiable functions. The base case when n=1 claims that:
\( {\displaystyle (fg)'=f'g+fg',} \)
which is the usual product rule and is known to be true. Next, assume that the statement holds for a fixed \( {\displaystyle n\geq 1,} \) that is, that
\( {\displaystyle (fg)^{(n)}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)}.}
Then,
\( {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(fg)^{(n+1)}&=\left[\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)}\right]'\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k+1)}\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum _{k=1}^{n+1}{\binom {n}{k-1}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}\\&={\binom {n}{0}}f^{(n+1)}g+\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n}{k-1}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+{\binom {n}{n}}fg^{(n+1)}\\&=f^{(n+1)}g+\left(\sum _{k=1}^{n}\left[{\binom {n}{k-1}}+{\binom {n}{k}}\right]f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}\right)+fg^{(n+1)}\\&=f^{(n+1)}g+\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n+1}{k}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+fg^{(n+1)}\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{n+1}{\binom {n+1}{k}}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}.\end{aligned}}} \)
And so the statement holds for \( {\displaystyle n+1,} \) and the proof is complete.
Multivariable calculus
With the multi-index notation for partial derivatives of functions of several variables, the Leibniz rule states more generally:
\( {\displaystyle \partial ^{\alpha }(fg)=\sum _{\beta \,:\,\beta \leq \alpha }{\alpha \choose \beta }(\partial ^{\beta }f)(\partial ^{\alpha -\beta }g).} \)
This formula can be used to derive a formula that computes the symbol of the composition of differential operators. In fact, let P and Q be differential operators (with coefficients that are differentiable sufficiently many times) and \( {\displaystyle R=P\circ Q.} \) Since R is also a differential operator, the symbol of R is given by:
\( R(x,\xi )=e^{-{\langle x,\xi \rangle }}R(e^{\langle x,\xi \rangle }). \)
A direct computation now gives:
\( R(x,\xi )=\sum _{\alpha }{1 \over \alpha !}\left({\partial \over \partial \xi }\right)^{\alpha }P(x,\xi )\left({\partial \over \partial x}\right)^{\alpha }Q(x,\xi ). \)
This formula is usually known as the Leibniz formula. It is used to define the composition in the space of symbols, thereby inducing the ring structure.
See also
Binomial theorem
Derivation (differential algebra)
Derivative
Differential algebra
Pascal's triangle
References
Olver, Peter J. (2000). Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations. Springer. pp. 318–319.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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