In set theory, an extender is a system of ultrafilters which represents an elementary embedding witnessing large cardinal properties. A nonprincipal ultrafilter is the most basic case of an extender.
A (κ, λ)-extender can be defined as an elementary embedding of some model M of ZFC− (ZFC minus the power set axiom) having critical point κ ε M, and which maps κ to an ordinal at least equal to λ. It can also be defined as a collection of ultrafilters, one for each n-tuple drawn from λ.
Formal definition of an extender
Let κ and λ be cardinals with κ≤λ. Then, a set \( {\displaystyle E=\{E_{a}|a\in [\lambda ]^{<\omega }\}} \) is called a (κ,λ)-extender if the following properties are satisfied:
each Ea is a κ-complete nonprincipal ultrafilter on [κ]<ω and furthermore
at least one Ea is not κ+-complete,
for each \( {\displaystyle \alpha \in \kappa } \), at least one Ea contains the set \( {\displaystyle \{s\in [\kappa ]^{|a|}:\alpha \in s\}}. \)
(Coherence) The Ea are coherent (so that the ultrapowers Ult(V,Ea) form a directed system).
(Normality) If f is such that \( {\displaystyle \{s\in [\kappa ]^{|a|}:f(s)\in \max s\}\in E_{a}} \) , then for some \( {\displaystyle b\supseteq a,\ \{t\in \kappa ^{|b|}:(f\circ \pi _{ba})(t)\in t\}\in E_{b}}. \)
(Wellfoundedness) The limit ultrapower Ult(V,E) is wellfounded (where Ult(V,E) is the direct limit of the ultrapowers Ult(V,Ea)).
By coherence, one means that if a and b are finite subsets of λ such that b is a superset of a, then if X is an element of the ultrafilter Eb and one chooses the right way to project X down to a set of sequences of length |a|, then X is an element of Ea. More formally, for \( {\displaystyle b=\{\alpha _{1},\dots ,\alpha _{n}\}} \), where \( {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}<\dots <\alpha _{n}<\lambda } \) , and \( {\displaystyle a=\{\alpha _{i_{1}},\dots ,\alpha _{i_{m}}\}} \) , where m≤n and for j≤m the ij are pairwise distinct and at most n, we define the projection \( {\displaystyle \pi _{ba}:\{\xi _{1},\dots ,\xi _{n}\}\mapsto \{\xi _{i_{1}},\dots ,\xi _{i_{m}}\}\ (\xi _{1}<\dots <\xi _{n})}. \)
Then Ea and Eb cohere if
\( {\displaystyle X\in E_{a}\Leftrightarrow \{s:\pi _{ba}(s)\in X\}\in E_{b}}. \)
Defining an extender from an elementary embedding
Given an elementary embedding j:V→M, which maps the set-theoretic universe V into a transitive inner model M, with critical point κ, and a cardinal λ, κ≤λ≤j(κ), one defines \( {\displaystyle E=\{E_{a}|a\in [\lambda ]^{<\omega }\}} \) as follows:
for \( {\displaystyle {\text{for }}a\in [\lambda ]^{<\omega },X\subseteq [\kappa ]^{<\omega }:\quad X\in E_{a}\Leftrightarrow a\in j(X).} \)
One can then show that E has all the properties stated above in the definition and therefore is a (κ,λ)-extender.
References
Kanamori, Akihiro (2003). The Higher Infinite : Large Cardinals in Set Theory from Their Beginnings (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-00384-3.
Jech, Thomas (2002). Set Theory (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-44085-2.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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