Carleman's inequality is an inequality in mathematics, named after Torsten Carleman, who proved it in 1923[1] and used it to prove the Denjoy–Carleman theorem on quasi-analytic classes.[2][3]
Statement
Let a1, a2, a3, ... be a sequence of non-negative real numbers, then
\( \sum _{{n=1}}^{\infty }\left(a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{n}\right)^{{1/n}}\leq e\sum _{{n=1}}^{\infty }a_{n}. \)
The constant e in the inequality is optimal, that is, the inequality does not always hold if e is replaced by a smaller number. The inequality is strict (it holds with "<" instead of "≤") if some element in the sequence is non-zero.
Integral version
Carleman's inequality has an integral version, which states that
\( \int _{0}^{\infty }\exp \left\{{\frac {1}{x}}\int _{0}^{x}\ln f(t)dt\right\}dx\leq e\int _{0}^{\infty }f(x)dx \)
for any f ≥ 0.
Carleson's inequality
A generalisation, due to Lennart Carleson, states the following:[4]
for any convex function g with g(0) = 0, and for any -1 < p < ∞,
\( {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{p}e^{-g(x)/x}dx\leq e^{p+1}\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{p}e^{-g'(x)}dx.}\)
Carleman's inequality follows from the case p = 0.
Proof
An elementary proof is sketched below. From the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means applied to the numbers \( 1\cdot a_{1},2\cdot a_{2},\dots ,n\cdot a_{n} \)
\( {\displaystyle \mathrm {MG} (a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})=\mathrm {MG} (1a_{1},2a_{2},\dots ,na_{n})(n!)^{-1/n}\leq \mathrm {MA} (1a_{1},2a_{2},\dots ,na_{n})(n!)^{-1/n}}\)
where MG stands for geometric mean, and MA — for arithmetic mean. The Stirling-type inequality \( n!\geq {\sqrt {2\pi n}}\,n^{n}e^{{-n}}\) applied to n+1 implies
\( (n!)^{{-1/n}}\leq {\frac {e}{n+1}} \) for all \( n\geq 1. \)
Therefore,
\( MG(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})\leq {\frac {e}{n(n+1)}}\,\sum _{{1\leq k\leq n}}ka_{k}\,, \)
whence
\( \sum _{{n\geq 1}}MG(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})\leq \,e\,\sum _{{k\geq 1}}{\bigg (}\sum _{{n\geq k}}{\frac {1}{n(n+1)}}{\bigg )}\,ka_{k}=\,e\,\sum _{{k\geq 1}}\,a_{k}\,, \)
proving the inequality. Moreover, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means of n {\displaystyle n} n non-negative numbers is known to be an equality if and only if all the numbers coincide, that is, in the present case, if and only if \( a_{k}=C/k \) for \( k=1,\dots,n \). As a consequence, Carleman's inequality is never an equality for a convergent series, unless all \( a_{n} \) vanish, just because the harmonic series is divergent.
One can also prove Carleman's inequality by starting with Hardy's inequality
\( \sum _{{n=1}}^{\infty }\left({\frac {a_{1}+a_{2}+\cdots +a_{n}}{n}}\right)^{p}\leq \left({\frac {p}{p-1}}\right)^{p}\sum _{{n=1}}^{\infty }a_{n}^{p}\)
for the non-negative numbers a1,a2,... and p > 1, replacing each an with a1/p
n, and letting p → ∞.
Notes
T. Carleman, Sur les fonctions quasi-analytiques, Conférences faites au cinquième congres des mathématiciens Scandinaves, Helsinki (1923), 181-196.
Duncan, John; McGregor, Colin M. (2003). "Carleman's inequality". Amer. Math. Monthly. 110 (5): 424–431. doi:10.2307/3647829. MR 2040885.
Pečarić, Josip; Stolarsky, Kenneth B. (2001). "Carleman's inequality: history and new generalizations". Aequationes Mathematicae. 61 (1–2): 49–62. doi:10.1007/s000100050160. MR 1820809.
Carleson, L. (1954). "A proof of an inequality of Carleman" (PDF). Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 5: 932–933. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1954-0065601-3.
References
Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood J.E.; Pólya, G. (1952). Inequalities, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35880-9.
Rassias, Thermistocles M., editor (2000). Survey on classical inequalities. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-6483-X.
Hörmander, Lars (1990). The analysis of linear partial differential operators I: distribution theory and Fourier analysis, 2nd ed. Springer. ISBN 3-540-52343-X.
External links
"Carleman inequality", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Presss, 2001 [1994]
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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