The Orion Arm is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy that is 3,500 light-years (1,100 parsecs) across and approximately 10,000 light-years (3,100 parsecs) in length,[3] containing the Solar System, including Earth. It is also referred to by its full name, the Orion–Cygnus Arm, as well as Local Arm, Orion Bridge, and formerly, the Local Spur and Orion Spur.
Milky Way centre from Sinai, Egypt
The arm is named for the Orion Constellation, which is one of the most prominent constellations of Northern Hemisphere winter (Southern Hemisphere summer). Some of the brightest stars and most famous celestial objects of the constellation (e.g. Betelgeuse, Rigel, the three stars of Orion's Belt, the Orion Nebula) are within it as shown on the interactive map below.
The arm is between the Carina–Sagittarius Arm (the local portions of which are toward the Galactic Center) and the Perseus Arm (the local portion of which is the main outer-most arm and one of two major arms of the galaxy).
Long thought to be a minor structure, namely a "spur" between the two arms mentioned, evidence was presented in mid 2013 that the Orion Arm might be a branch of the Perseus Arm, or possibly an independent arm segment.[4]
Within the arm, the Solar System is close to its inner rim, in a relative cavity in the arm's Interstellar Medium known as the Local Bubble, about halfway along the arm's length, approximately 8,000 parsecs (26,000 light-years) from the Galactic Center.
Recently, more than 30 methanol (6.7-GHz) and water (22-GHz) masers in high-mass star-forming regions around sun have been measured their parallax and proper motions with the distance accuracy of better than ±10% and even 3%, the best parallax measurement in the BeSSeL project. The accuracy locations of interstellar masers in HMSFRs have been shown that the Local arm appears to be an orphan segment of an arm between the Sagittarius and Perseus arms that wraps around less than a quarter of the Milky Way. The segment has the length of ~20,000 ly and the width of ~3,000 ly with the pitch angle from 10.1° ± 2.7° to 11.6° ± 1.8°. These results reveal that the Local Arm is larger than previously thought, and both its pitch angle and star formation rate are comparable to those of the Galaxy’s major spiral arms. The Local arm is reasonably referred the fifth feature in the Milky Way. The “spur” interpretation may be incorrect.[1][5][6][7][8] To understand the form of the Local arm between the Sagittarius and Perseus arms, the stellar density of a specific population of stars with about 1 Gyr of age between 90° ≤ l ≤ 270° have been mapped using the Gaia DR2.[9] The 1 Gyr population have been employed because they are significantly evolved objects than the gas in HMSFRs tracing Local arm. An interesting investigations have been carried out to compare both the stellar density and gas distribution along Local arm. Researchers have found a marginally significant arm-like stellar overdensity close to the Local Arm, identified with the HMSFRs especially in the region of 90° ≤ l ≤ 190°.[10] They have concluded the Local Arm as the arm segment associated with only the gas and star-forming clouds, but a significant stellar overdensity. Additionally they have found that the pitch angle of the stellar arm is slightly larger than the gas-defined arm, and also there is an offset between gas-defined and stellar arm. The offset and different pitch angles between the stellar and HMSFR-defined spiral arms are consistent with the expectation that star formation lags the gas compression in a spiral density wave lasting longer than the typical star formation timescale of 107 − 108 years.[11]
Messier objects
The shape of the Orion Spur[12]
The Orion Arm contains a number of Messier objects:
The Butterfly Cluster (M6)
The Ptolemy Cluster (M7)
Open Cluster M23
Open Cluster M25
The Dumbbell Nebula (M27)
Open Cluster M29
Open Cluster M34
Open Cluster M35
Open Cluster M39
Winnecke 4 (M40)
Open Cluster M41
The Orion Nebula (M42)
The De Mairan's Nebula
The Beehive Cluster (M44)
The Pleiades (M45)
Open Cluster M46
Open Cluster M47
Open Cluster M48
Open Cluster M50
The Ring Nebula (M57)
Open Cluster M67
M73
The Little Dumbbell Nebula (M76)
Diffuse Nebula M78
Open Cluster M93
The Owl Nebula (M97)
Interactive maps
About this image
Orion and neighboring arms (clickable map)
The nearest nebulae and star clusters (clickable map)
See also
Gould Belt
Jon Lomberg's Milky Way painting used as background for Kepler Mission diagram, showing our location on the Orion Spur
Local Bubble
Loop I Bubble
List of Messier objects
List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
References
Reid, Mark; Zheng, Xing-Wu (2020). A New Map of the Milky Way. April. Scientific American.
See the "Spiral Arms" part of this NASA animation for details
Harold Spencer Jones, T. H. Huxley, Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Royal Institution of Great Britain, v. 38–39
Earth's Milky Way Neighborhood Gets More Respect, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Dave Finley, 3 June 2013
Xu, Y., Reid, M., Xu, Y., Reid, M., Dame, T., et al. 2016, SciA, 2, e1600878
Xu ,Y., Li, J. J., Reid,Xu ,Y., Li, J. J., Reid, M. J., et al. 2013,.ApJ, 769, 15.
Reid, M. J., Menten,Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., et al. 2019, ApJ, 885,18
Hirota,T., Nagayama,T., Hirota,T., Nagayama,T., Honma,M., et al. 2020, PASJ,72,50
Miyachi1, Y.,Miyachi1, Y., Sakai, N., Kawata, D., et al.2019,ApJ, 882,48
Hirota, T., Hirota, T., Nagayama, T., Honma, M., et al. 2020, PASJ,72,50
Shen, j., and Zheng, X.,Shen, j., and Zheng, X., 2020, RAA, Vol.20, No.10,159
Vázquez, Ruben A.; May, Jorge; Carraro, Giovanni; Bronfman, Leonardo; Moitinho, André; Baume, Gustavo (January 2008). "Spiral Structure in the Outer Galactic Disk. I. The Third Galactic Quadrant". The Astrophysical Journal. 672 (2): 930–939. arXiv:0709.3973. Bibcode:2008ApJ...672..930V. doi:10.1086/524003.
External links
Messier Objects in the Milky Way (SEDS)
A 3D map of the Milky Way Galaxy
vte
Location of Earth
Included
Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
Related
Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) Cosmic Eye (2012) History of the center of the Universe Order of magnitude
Portal Astronomy portal Portal Space portal
vte
Milky Way
Location
Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
The Milky Way Galaxy
Galactic core
Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A* Supermassive black hole
Spiral arms
Carina–Sagittarius Norma–Cygnus Orion–Cygnus Perseus Scutum–Centaurus Near 3 kpc Arm Far 3 kpc Arm
Satellite galaxies
Magellanic Clouds
Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge
Sagittarius Spheroidal
Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7
Dwarfs
Antlia 2 Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I
Other
Gaia Sausage Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1
Related
Alternate names Andromeda–Milky Way collision Baade's Window In mythology Zone of Avoidance
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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