Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (宇宙科学研究所, Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo) (ISAS) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets, astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan's space development. Since 2003, it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).[2]
History
Entrance to the ISAS Sagamihara Campus
The ISAS originated as part of the Institute of Industrial Science of the University of Tokyo, where Hideo Itokawa experimented with miniature solid-fuel rockets (Pencil Rocket and Baby Rocket) in the 1950s. This experimentation eventually led to the development of the Κ (Kappa) sounding rocket, which was used for observations during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). By 1960, the Κ-8 rocket had reached an altitude of 200 km.
In 1964, the rocket group and the Institute of Aeronautics, along with scientific ballooning team, were merged to form Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (宇宙航空研究所, Uchū kōkū kenkyūjo) within the University of Tokyo. The rocket evolved into the L (Lambda) series, and, in 1970, L-4S-5 was launched as Japan's first artificial satellite Ohsumi.
Although Lambda rockets were only sounding rockets, the next generation of M (Mu) rockets was intended to be satellite launch vehicles from the start. Beginning in 1971, ISAS launched a series of scientific satellites to observe the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Since the launch of Hakucho in 1979, ISAS has had X-ray astronomy satellites consecutively in orbit, until it was briefly terminated by the launch failure of ASTRO-E.
In 1981, as a part of university system reform, and for the mission expansion, ISAS was spun out from University of Tokyo as an inter-university national research organization, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science.
In 2003, three national aerospace organizations including ISAS were merged to form Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The English name Institute of Space and Astronautical Science is still used, although the Japanese name was changed to 宇宙科学研究本部 (literally, Space Science Research Division, whereas the previous name's literal translation was Space Science Laboratory). In 2010, the name was changed back to the previous Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo (宇宙科学研究所).
List of spacecraft by ISAS
Before establishment of JAXA
Launch date Name before launch Name after launch Mission
11 February 1970 Ohsumi Technology demonstration
16 February 1971 MS-T1 Tansei Technology demonstration
28 September 1971 MS-F2 Shinsei Ionosphere / cosmic-ray / solar-radio observation
19 August 1972 REXS Denpa Ionosphere / magnetosphere observation
16 February 1974 MS-T2 Tansei 2 Technology experiment
24 February 1975 SRATS Taiyo Thermosphere and sun
19 February 1977 MS-T3 Tansei 3 Technology experiment
4 February 1978 EXOS-A Kyokko Aurora and ionosphere
16 September 1978 EXOS-B Jikiken Magnetosphere and thermosphere observation
21 February 1979 CORSA-b Hakucho X-ray astronomy
17 February 1980 MS-T4 Tansei 4 Technology experiment
21 February 1981 ASTRO-A Hinotori Solar X-ray observation
20 February 1983 ASTRO-B Tenma X-ray astronomy
14 February 1984 EXOS-C Ohzora Mesosphere observation
8 January 1985 MS-T5 Sakigake Technology experiment / Comet observation
19 August 1985 PLANET-A Suisei Comet observation
19 August 1987 ASTRO-C Ginga X-ray astronomy
22 February 1989 EXOS-D Akebono Aurora observation
24 January 1990 MUSES-A Hiten Interplanetary technology experiment
30 August 1991 SOLAR-A Yohkoh Solar X-ray observation (with NASA / UK)
24 July 1992 GEOTAIL GEOTAIL Magnetosphere observation (with NASA)
20 February 1993 ASTRO-D ASCA X-ray astronomy (with NASA)
16 March 1995 SFU SFU Multi-purpose experiment flyer (with NASDA / NEDO / USEF)
12 February 1997 MUSES-B HALCA Space VLBI technology development
4 July 1998 PLANET-B Nozomi Mars atmosphere observation
9 May 2003 MUSES-C Hayabusa Planetary sample return technology development
After establishment of JAXA
Launch date Name before launch Name after launch Mission
10 July 2005 ASTRO-EII Suzaku X-ray astronomy
24 August 2005 INDEX Reimei Technology / Aurora research
21 February 2006 ASTRO-F Akari Infrared astronomy
22 September 2006 SOLAR-B Hinode Solar observation
14 September 2007 SELENE Kaguya Lunar orbiter
20 May 2010 PLANET-C Akatsuki Venus atmosphere observation
14 September 2013 SPRINT-A Hisaki EUV observation
3 December 2014 Hayabusa2 Hayabusa2 Asteroid sample return
17 February 2016 ASTRO-H Hitomi X-ray astronomy
20 December 2016 ERG Arase Magnetosphere research
20 October 2018
(in transit) MMO Mio Exploration of Mercury as part of the BepiColombo mission with ESA
Future missions
Planned launch date Name Mission
2022 XRISM X-ray astronomy
2022 SLIM Lunar landing demonstration
2022 JUICE Ganymede exploration (with ESA / NASA)
2024 DESTINY+ Near Earth objects multi-flyby
2024 MMX Phobos sample return
2024 JASMINE Infrared astrometry
2025 Solar-C_EUVST Solar observation
2027 LiteBIRD CMB astronomy
2028 ATHENA X-ray astronomy (with ESA / NASA)
SPICA Infrared astronomy (with ESA)
See also
Spaceflight portal
Comet Interceptor, a Europe-led mission with contributions from ISAS
Hayabusa2, a sample-return mission from an asteroid
HIMES
IKAROS, a solar sail spacecraft
OMOTENASHI, a planned lunar lander
PROCYON and EQUULEUS, deep space probes developed with University of Tokyo
Reusable Vehicle Testing
SELENE-2, a future lunar lander
SFU, a joint mission with NASDA
References
"Annual Report of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science". 2018. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. ISSN 2423-8627.
"JAXA History". JAXA Official Website (English). Retrieved 21 February 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ISAS.
Official website
From Pencil to M-V — History of Rocket Development - Official JAXA YouTube Channel (in Japanese)
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Japanese space program
JAXA
former ISAS NAL NASDA NICT JSS
Astronomical
observation
Completed
Akari ASCA Ginga Hakucho HALCA Hinotori Suzaku Tenma Yohkoh
In operation
Hinode Hisaki
Failed
Hitomi
Planned
ATHENA2 EUVST HiZ-GUNDAM LiteBIRD Nano-JASMINE Small-JASMINE SPICA2 Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope1 WSO-UV5 XRISM1
Canceled
Astro-G
Communications,
broadcasting and
positioning
Completed
BS
2X 3H 3N Kakehashi Kirari Kizuna Kodama MBSat N-STAR
a b Sakura (1 2a 2b 3a 3b) Yuri
1 2a 2b 3a 3b
In operation
Kirameki
1 2 Michibiki
1 2 3 4 MTSAT N-STAR
c d JDRS
Planned
DSN
3 QZS
1R 5 6 7
Earth observation
Completed
Akebono Daichi Denpa Fuyo-1 Jikiken Kyokko Midori
I II Momo
1 1b Ohozora Taiyo TRMM1 Ume
1 b
In operation
Aqua17 Arase ASNARO
1 2 Daichi-2 GEOTAIL1 GPM1 Himawari Ibuki
2 Shikisai Shizuku
Planned
ALOS
3 4 EarthCARE2 GOSAT-GW
Engineering tests
Completed
Ayame
1 2 DASH EXPRESS IKAROS Jindai Kiku
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LDREX
1 2 LRE Micro LabSat-1 Myojo Ohsumi Orizuru RAPIS-1 Ryusei SERVIS-1 SERVIS-2 SDS-1 Shinsei SFU Tansei
1 2 3 4 Tasuki Tsubame Tsubasa USERS
In operation
Ajisai Reimei SDS-4
Planned
BEAK ETS-IX G-SATELLITE SERVIS-3 Small Demonstration Satellite
2 3
Canceled
PETSAT SmartSat-1
Human spaceflight
Completed
H-II Transfer Vehicle
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
In operation
International Space Station (ISS) & Kibo123456
Planned
H-II Transfer Vehicle
X1 Lunar Gateway1245
Cancelled
Fuji crewed spacecraft HOPE-X
Lunar and
planetary exploration
Completed
Hayabusa Hiten Kaguya (SELENE) Sakigake Suisei
In operation
Akatsuki BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)2 Hayabusa2
Failed
Nozomi PROCYON Shin'en
Planned
Comet Interceptor2 DESTINY+ EQUULEUS HERACLES24 JUICE2 MELOS MMX OMOTENASHI SLIM TEREX
Cancelled
Lunar-A SELENE-2
Proposed
OKEANOS
Private
miniaturized satellites
Completed
CosMoz CUTE
1.7+APD Fuji
1 2 Hayato HIT-SAT Kagayaki Kanta-kun (WEOS) Kūkai Maido-1 Negai☆″ Niwaka RAIKO Waseda-SAT2 WE WISH
In operation
CUTE
1 1.7+APDII Fuji-3 Hitomi Horyu
2 Kiseki PROITERES Raijin RISING-2 SEEDS SOCRATES XI
IV V
Planned
DRUMS OPUSAT-II QSAT-EOS RSP-01 SOMESAT SPROUT TSUBAME WNI satellite
Reconnaissance
Completed
IGS-Optical
1 2 Experimentally 3 IGS-Radar
1 2
In operation
IGS-Optical
3 4 5 6 Experimentally 5 IGS-Radar
3 4 Spare 5 6
Planned
IGS-Optical
7 8 IGS-Radar
7 8
Italics indicates projects in development. Superscripts indicate joint development with1NASA, 2ESA, 3ASI, 4CSA, 5RKA, 6AEB and 7INPE.
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Public-sector space agencies
Africa
Algeria ASAL Ghana GSSTC Egypt NARRS Ethiopia ESSTI Nigeria NASRDA South Africa SANSA
Americas
North America
Canada CSA Mexico AEM United States NASA USSF
South America
Argentina CONAE Bolivia ABE Brazil AEB
DCTA INPE ITA Colombia CCE Venezuela
ABAE IVIC
Asia
Central Asia
Kazakhstan KazCosmos Turkmenistan TNSA
East Asia
China CNSA
CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND Taiwan NSPO Japan JAXA
ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF North Korea NADA South Korea KARI SaTReC
South Asia
Bangladesh SPARRSO India ISRO
Antrix Corp DoS NRSC Pakistan SUPARCO
Southeast Asia
Indonesia LAPAN Malaysia MYSA Philippines PhilSA Singapore SSTA Thailand GISTDA
Southwest Asia
Azerbaijan MAKA1 Iran IAIO
ISA SAHA Israel ISA
NCSR Syria GORS Turkey TÜBİTAK UZAY United Arab Emirates UAESA (MBRSC)
Europe
Austria ALR Armenia ArmCosmos Azerbaijan MAKA1 Belarus BSA1 Belgium BelSPo Bulgaria SRTI Czech Republic CSO Denmark DTU Space European Union ECSS ESA EUMETSAT EUSC France CNES Germany DLR Greece HSC Hungary HSO Italy ASI Luxembourg Luxinnovation Netherlands SRON Norway NSC Poland PSA Romania ROSA Russia Roscosmos1
SRI1 VKO Soviet Union SSP Spain INTA Sweden SNSA Switzerland SSO Turkey TÜBİTAK UZAY United Kingdom UKSA Ukraine SSAU1
Oceania
Australia ASA CSIRO New Zealand NZSA
World
APSCO COSPAR IAA INTELSAT Interkosmos Intersputnik United Nations UNCOPUOS UNOOSA
See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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