The Arecibo Observatory, also known as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) and formerly known as the Arecibo Ionosphere Observatory, is an observatory in Barrio Esperanza, Arecibo, Puerto Rico owned by the US National Science Foundation (NSF).
The observatory's main instrument was the Arecibo Telescope, a 305 m (1,000 ft) spherical reflector dish built into a natural sinkhole, with a cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals mounted 150 m (492 ft) above the dish. Completed in 1963, it was the world's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years, surpassed in July 2016 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China.
Following two breaks in cables supporting the receiver platform in the prior months, the NSF stated on November 19, 2020 that it was decommissioning the telescope due to safety concerns. On December 1, 2020 the main telescope collapsed before controlled demolition could be conducted.
The observatory also includes a radio telescope, a LIDAR facility, and a visitor center, all which are expected to remain operational after the damage from the main telescope collapse is assessed.[3][4]
History
See also: History of the Arecibo Telescope
As part of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) missile defense program, ARPA had sought a means to try to detect incoming missiles while they traveled through the ionosphere. The Arecibo Telescope was funded as a means to study Earth's ionosphere for this purpose, and serving a dual-use as a general-purpose radio telescope. Construction of the telescope and its supporting facilities were started in mid-1960, with the telescope operational by 1963. The telescope and supporting observatory were formally opened as the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory on November 1, 1963.[5]
Ownership of the Observatory transferred from the DoD to the National Science Foundation on October 1, 1969. NSF named Cornell University to manage the Observatory's functions. By September 1971, NSF renamed the Observatory as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) and had made it a Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDC).[5] NASA began contributing towards funding of the Observatory alongside NSF as to support its planetary radar mission.[6]
In the early 2000s, NASA started to reduce their contribution to the Arecibo Observatory, putting more pressure on NSF to continue to fund the facility.[7] In 2006, NSF made its first possible suggestion of significantly reducing its funding towards Arecibo and potentially decommissioning the Observatory.[8] Academics and politicians lobbied to increase funding bookmarked for Arecibo to stave off its closure, and NASA recommitted funding in 2011 for study of near-earth objects.[9] However to further cut losses, in 2011 NSF delisted Arecibo as a FFRDC, removed Cornell as the site operator, and replaced them with a collaborative team led by SRI International, which allowed the Observatory to be able to offer its facilities to a wider range of projects.[10]
Damage to the telescope from Hurricane Maria in 2017 led NSF again to consider the possibility of decommissioning the Observatory as the costs of maintaining it had become too great.[11] A consortium led by the University of Central Florida (UCF) stepped forward to offer to manage the Observatory and cover a significant portion of the operations and maintenance costs, and in 2018, NSF made UCF's consortium the new site operators.[12][13]
After an auxiliary and main cable failure on the telescope in August and November 2020, respectively, the NSF announced the decision that they would decommission the telescope through controlled demolition, but that the other facilities on the Observatory would remain operational in the future. However, before the safe decommission of the telescope could occur, remaining support cables from one tower rapidly failed in the morning of December 1, 2020, causing the instrument platform to crash through the dish, shearing off the tops of the support towers, and partially damaging some of the other buildings, though there were no injuries.[14] NSF has stated that it is still their intention to continue to have the other Observatory facilities operational as soon as possible and are looking at plans to rebuild a new telescope instrument in its place.[15]
Facilities
Arecibo Telescope
Main article: Arecibo Telescope
The observatory's main feature was its large radio telescope, whose main collecting dish was an inverted spherical dome 1,000 feet (305 m) in diameter with an 869-foot (265 m) radius of curvature,[16] constructed inside a karst sinkhole.[17] The dish's surface was made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each about 3 by 7 feet (1 by 2 m), supported by a mesh of steel cables.[16] The ground beneath supported shade-tolerant vegetation.[18]
Since its completion in November 1963, the Telescope had been used for radar astronomy and radio astronomy, and had been part of the Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) program. It was also used by NASA for Near-Earth object detection. Since around 2006, NSF funding support for the telescope had waned as the Foundation directed funds to newer instruments, though academics petitioned to the NSF and Congress to continue support for the telescope. Numerous hurricanes, including Hurricane Maria, had damaged parts of the telescope, straining the reduced budget.
Two cable breaks, one in August 2020 and a second in November 2020, threatened the structural integrity of the support structure for the suspended platform and damaged the dish. The NSF determined in November 2020 that it was safer to decommission the telescope rather than to try to repair it, but the telescope collapsed before a controlled demolition could be carried out. The remaining support cables from one tower failed around 7:56 a.m. local time on December 1, 2020, causing the receiver platform to fall into the dish and collapsing the telescope.[14][19]
Additional telescopes
The Arecibo Observatory also has other facilities beyond the main telescope, including a 12-meter (39 ft) radio telescope intended for very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) with the main telescope;[20] and a LIDAR facility[21] whose research has continued since the main telescope's collapse.
The Arecibo Radio Telescope as viewed from the observation deck, October 2013
Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center
Logo of the observatory at the entrance gate
Opened in 1997, the Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center features interactive exhibits and displays about the operations of the radio telescope, astronomy and atmospheric sciences.[22] The center is named after the financial foundation that honors Ángel Ramos, owner of the El Mundo newspaper and founder of Telemundo. The Foundation provided half of the funds to build the Visitor Center, with the remainder received from private donations and Cornell University.
The center, in collaboration with the Caribbean Astronomical Society,[23] hosts a series of Astronomical Nights throughout the year, which feature diverse discussions regarding exoplanets, astronomical phenomena, and discoveries (such as Comet ISON). The purposes of the center are to increase public interest in astronomy, the observatory's research successes, and space endeavors.
List of directors
Source(s):[24][additional citation(s) needed]
1960–1965: William E. Gordon
1965–1966: John W. Findlay
1966–1968: Frank Drake
1968–1971: Gordon Pettengill
1971–1973: Tor Hagfors[25]
1973–1982: Harold D. Craft Jr.[26]
1982–1987: Donald B. Campbell
1987–1988: Riccardo Giovanelli
1988–1992: Michael M. Davis
1992–2003: Daniel R. Altschuler
2003–2006: Sixto A. González
2006–2007: Timothy H. Hankins
2007–2008: Robert B. Kerr[27]
2008–2011: Michael C. Nolan
2011–2015: Robert B. Kerr[27]
2016–present: Francisco Córdova
See also
Astronomy portal flagPuerto Rico portal National Register of Historic Places portal
Air Force Research Laboratory (US)
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (Chile)
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (China)
List of radio telescopes
RATAN-600 (Russia)
UPRM Planetarium, projection room in the University of Puerto Rico
References
"Radio-Radar Telescope Will Probe Solar System". Electrical Engineering. 80 (7): 561. July 1961. doi:10.1109/EE.1961.6433355.
National Park Service (October 3, 2008). "Weekly List Actions". Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
"Arecibo Observatory Telescope Collapses, Ending An Era Of World-Class Research". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
"Huge Puerto Rico radio telescope, already damaged, collapses". AP NEWS. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
Acevedo-Vila, Aníbal (October 30, 2003). "The 40th Anniversary of the Arecibo Observatory" (PDF). Congressional Record. Vol. 149 no. 156. p. E2181. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
Butrica, Andrew J. (1996). "NASA SP-4218: To See the Unseen – A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy". NASA. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
Robert Roy Britt (December 20, 2001). "NASA Trims Arecibo Budget, Says Other Organizations Should Support Asteroid Watch". Space.com. Imaginova. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Weiss, Rick Weiss (September 9, 2007). "Radio Telescope And Its Budget Hang in the Balance". The Washington Post. Arecibo, Puerto Rico. p. A01. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008. "The cash crunch stems from an NSF senior review completed last November. Its $200 million astronomy division, increasingly committed to ambitious new projects, but long hobbled by flat Congressional budgets, was facing a deficit of at least $30 million by 2010."
"NASA Support to Planetary Radar" Retrieved July 7, 2011
"Management and Operation of the NAIC" Archived March 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 6, 2013
Kaplan, Sarah (September 22, 2017). "Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico's famous telescope, is battered by Hurricane Maria". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
"Iconic Arecibo radio telescope saved by university consortium". Science. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
"UCF-led Consortium to Manage Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico" (Press release). UCF Today. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
"Giant Arecibo radio telescope collapses in Puerto Rico". The Guardian. Associated Press. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
Grush, Loren (November 19, 2020). "Facing collapse, the famed Arecibo Observatory will be demolished". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
Goldsmith, P. F.; Baker, L. A.; Davis, M. M.; Giovanelli, R. (1995). "Multi-feed Systems for the Arecibo Gregorian". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. 75: 90–98. Bibcode:1995ASPC...75...90G.
"Telescope Description". National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
"Environmental Impact Statement for the Arecibo Observatory Arecibo, Puerto Rico (Draft)" (PDF). nsf.gov. NSF. p. 66. "At the Arecibo Observatory, a mix of shade-tolerant species have colonized the area beneath the 305-meter radio telescope dish."
Coto, Danica (1 December 2020). "Huge Puerto Rico radio telescope, already damaged, collapses". AP NEWS. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
Roshi, D. Anish; Anderson, L. D.; Araya, E.; Balser, D.; Brisken, W.; Brum, C.; Campbell, D.; Chatterjee, S.; Churchwell, E.; Condon, J.; Cordes, J.; Cordova, F.; Fernandez, Y.; Gago, J.; Ghosh, T.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Heiles, C.; Hickson, D.; Jeffs, B.; Jones, K. M.; Lautenbach, J.; Lewis, B. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Manoharan, P. K.; Marshall, S.; Minchin, R.; Palliyaguru, N. T.; Perera, B. B. P.; Perillat, P.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Pisano, D. J.; Quintero, L.; Raizada, S.; Ransom, S. M.; Fernandez-Rodriguez, F. O.; Salter, C. J.; Santos, P.; Sulzer, M.; Taylor, P. A.; Venditti, F. C. F.; Venkataraman, A.; Virkki, A. K.; Wolszczan, A.; Womack, M.; Zambrano-Marin, L. F. (13 July 2019). "Astro2020 Activities and Projects White Paper: Arecibo Observatory in the Next Decade". arXiv:1907.06052 [astro-ph.IM].
"NSF begins planning for decommissioning of Arecibo Observatory's 305-meter telescope due to safety concerns [News Release 20-010]". www.nsf.gov. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
Visitor Center information Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
"Sociedad de Astronomia del Caribe". www.sociedadastronomia.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
Altschuler, Daniel; Salter, Chris (June 2014). "Early history of Arecibo Observatory". Physics Today. 67 (6): 12. Bibcode:2014PhT....67f..12A. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2402.
"Tor Hagfors, astronomy professor and Arecibo pioneer, dies at age 76". Cornell Chronicle. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
Christiansen, Jen. "Pop Culture Pulsar: The Science Behind Joy Division's Unknown Pleasures Album Cover". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
Watson, Traci (November 2015). "Arecibo Observatory director quits after funding row". Nature. 527 (7577): 142–143. Bibcode:2015Natur.527..142W. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18745. PMID 26560275.
Further reading
Friedlander, Blaine (November 14, 1997). "Research rockets, including an experiment from Cornell, are scheduled for launch into the ionosphere next year from Puerto Rico". Cornell University.
Ruiz, Carmelo (March 3, 1998). "Activists protest US Navy radar project". Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. Archived from the original on May 1, 2001.
Amir Alexander (July 3, 2008). "Budget Cuts Threaten Arecibo Observatory". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008.
Blaine Friedlander (June 10, 2008). "Arecibo joins global network to create 6,000-mile (9,700 km) telescope". EurekAlert.
Lauren Gold (June 5, 2008). "Clintons (minus Hillary) visit Arecibo; former president urges more federal funding for basic sciences". Cornell university.
Henry Fountain (December 25, 2007). "Arecibo Radio Telescope Is Back in Business After 6-Month Spruce-Up". The New York Times.
Entry into the National Register of Historic Places
Cohen, Marshall H. (2009). "Genesis of the 1000-foot Arecibo Dish". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 12 (2): 141–152. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..141C. S2CID 18990068.
Altschuler, Daniel R.; Salter, Christopher J. (2013). "The Arecibo Observatory: Fifty astronomical years". Physics Today. 66 (11): 43. Bibcode:2013PhT....66k..43A. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2179.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arecibo Observatory.
Official website
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Radio astronomy
Concepts
Units (watt and jansky) Radio telescope (Radio window) Astronomical interferometer (History) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Astronomical radio source
Radio telescopes
(List)
Individual
telescopes
500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST, China) Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US) Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US) Effelsberg Telescope (Germany) Galenki RT-70 (Russia) Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US) Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico) Lovell Telescope (UK) Ooty Telescope (India) Qitai Radio Telescope (China) RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia) Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy) Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan) Usuda Telescope (Japan) UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine) Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine)
Southern Hemisphere
HartRAO (South Africa)
Parkes Observatory (Australia)
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ)
Interferometers
Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US) Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile) Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia) Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia) Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada) Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US) European VLBI Network (Europe) Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India) Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US) Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea) Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil) Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US) Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands) MeerKAT (South Africa) Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia) Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK) Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia) Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy) Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France) One-Mile Telescope (UK) Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China) Square Kilometre Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa) Submillimeter Array (SMA, US) Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US) Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands)
Space-based
HALCA (Japan) Spektr-R (Russia)
Observatories
Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada) Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US) Green Bank Observatory (US) Haystack Observatory (US) Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK) Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK) National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US) Nançay Radio Observatory (France) Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia) Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia) Vermilion River Observatory (US)
Multi-use
DRAO (Canada) ESA New Norcia (Australia) PARL (Canada)
People
Elizabeth Alexander John G. Bolton Edward George Bowen Ronald Bracewell Jocelyn Bell Burnell Arthur Covington Nan Dieter-Conklin Frank Drake Cyril Hazard Antony Hewish Sebastian von Hoerner Karl Guthe Jansky Kenneth Kellermann Frank J. Kerr John D. Kraus Bernard Lovell Jan Oort Joseph Lade Pawsey Ruby Payne-Scott Arno Penzias Grote Reber Martin Ryle Govind Swarup Gart Westerhout Paul Wild Robert Wilson
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