.

TABLES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY.

TABLE
I.	Greek Measures of Length.
		(1) Smaller Measures.
II.	Roman Measures of Length.
		(1) Smaller Measures.
III.	Greek Measures of Length.
		(2) Land and Itinerary.
IV.	Roman Measures of Length.
		(2) Land and Itinerary.
V.	Greek Measures of Surface.
VI.	Roman Measures of Surface.
VII.	Greek Measures of Capacity.
		(1) Liquid Measures.
VIII.	Roman Measures of Capacity.
		(1) Liquid Measures.
IX.	Greek Measures of Capacity.
		(2) Dry Measures.
X.	Roman Measures of Capacity.
		(2) Dry Measures.
XI.	Greek and Oriental Weights.
XII.	Greek Money.
XIII.	Roman Weights.
		(1) The As and its Uncial Divisions.
XIV.	Roman Weights.
		(2) Subdivisions of the Uncia.
XV.	Roman Money.
		(1) Weights.
XVI.	Roman Money.
		(2) English Values.

In the construction of these Tables, most use has been made of F. Hultsch's Griechische und Römische Metrologie, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1882; but Hultsch's results have been, in some instances, corrected by W. Dörpfeld in Mittheilungen des Deutschen Instituts zu Athen, since 1883. The tables of weights and money are founded on the articles As and PONDERA by Professor Gardner.

The Tables are so arranged as to exhibit the corresponding Greek and Roman measures in direct comparison with each other. In some of the Tables the values are given, not only in our several measures, but also in decimals of a primary unit, for the purpose of facilitating calculations. In others, approximate values are given; that is, values which differ from the true ones by some small fraction. Where both French and English determinations are given, these cannot correspond with the utmost exactness, but the discrepancy between them is barely noticeable, save in the highest and lowest measures determined. Fuller information will be found under MENSURA, NUMMUS, PONDERA, and the specific names. [P.S] [J.G] [p. 2.993]

TABLE I.

GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH. (ATTIC STANDARD.)

I. SMALLER MEASURES.	Decimals of a Metre.	Decimals of a Foot.	Feet.	Inches.
Δάκτυλος	.0185	.0607		.7281
2	Κόνδυλος	.037	.1213		1.4562
4	2	Παλαστή, Δῶρον, Δοχμή, or Δακτυλοδοχμή	.074	.2427		2.9124
8	4	2	Διχάς, or Λιχάς	.148	.4852		5.8248
11	5 1/2	2 3/4	1 3/8	Ὀρθοδῶρον	.203	.6673		8.0091
12	6	3	1 1/2	1 1/11	Σπιθαμή	.222	.7281		8.7372
16	8	4	2	1 5/11	1 1/3	ΠΟΥΣ̂	.296	.9708		11.6496
18	9	4 1/2	2 1/4	1 7/11	1 1/2	1 1/8	Πυγμή	.333	1.0921	1	1.1058
20	10	5	2 1/2	1 9/11	1 2/3	1 1/4	1 1/9	Πυγών	.370	1.2135	1	2.562
24	12	6	3	2 2/11	2	1 1/2	1 1/3	1 1/5	ΠΗΧ̂ΥΣ	.444	1.4562	1	5.4744
72	36	18	9	6 6/11	6	4 1/2	4	3 3/5	3	Ξύλον	1.332	4.3686	4	4.4232
96	48	24	12	8 8/11	8	6	5 1/3	4 4/5	4	1 1/3	ὈΠΓΥΙΑ᾽	1.776	5.8248	5	9.8976

NOTE.--For other Standards, see Notes to Table II. [p. 2.994]

TABLE II.

ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.

I. SMALLER MEASURES.	Decimals of a Metre.	Decimals of a Foot.	Feet.	Inches.
Digitus	.0185	.060675		.7281
1 1/3	UNCIA or Pollex	.0247	.0809		.9708
4	3	Palmus	.074	.2427		2.9124
12	9	3	Palmus Major (of late times)	.222	.7281		8.7372
16	12	4	1 1/3	PES	.296	.9708		11.6496
20	15	5	1 2/3	1 1/4	Palmipes	.370	1.2135	1	2.562
24	18	6	2	1 1/2	1 1/5	CUBITUS	.444	1.4562	1	5.4744

NOTES TO TABLES I. AND II.

A metre is 39.37 English inches: an English foot is .3048 metre.

It is not thought necessary to give the whole scale of the Uncial divisions of the foot. They can easily be calculated from the Uncia.

Other Standards.--The relations of the measures to one another were always, with hardly any exception, those above given: but the standards varied in different places and at different times. Thus the Attic ποὺς being .296 m., the Aeginetan was 333 m., the Olympic .3205 m., the Philetaerean .333 m., the Ionic .350 m., the Phrygian .2775 m.

In the West, though the Roman foot was .296 m., the same as the Attic, the older Italian foot was only .275 m., and the Drusian foot, used in Gaul and Germany, 2as .333 m.

In Egypt, under the Pharaohs, the Royal ell was .525 m., the smaller ell .425 m.: under the Ptolemies, the Royal ell was .533 m., the greater foot .355 m., and the smaller foot .303 m.

The Great Babylonian ell was .550 m., the Royal or Persian ell .495 m., the Phoenician ell .4435 m.

Compared with one another, the Attic, Roman, and Phoenician feet are the same: the Aeginetan, Philetaerean, and Drusian are the same: the Italian and Phrygian are the same: the Ionic and Royal (or Greater) Egyptian are the same--either exactly or very nearly indeed. [p. 2.995]

TABLE III.

GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH. (ATTIC STANDARD.)

II. LARGER MEASURES.--LAND AND ITINERARY.	Decimals of a Metre.	Decimals of a Mile.	Miles.	Feet.	Inches.
ΠΟΥΣ̂	0.296	.0001838			11.6496
1 1/2	ΠΗΧ̂ΥΣ	0.444	.0002757		1	5.4744
2 1/2	1 2/3	Βῆμα	0.739	.0004596		2	5.124
6	4	2 2/5	ὈΠΓΥΙΑ᾽	1.774	.001103		5	9.8976
10	6 2/3	4	1 2/3	Κάλαμος, Ἄκαινα, or Δεκάπους	2.957	.001838		9	8.496
100	66 2/3	40	16 2/3	10	Πλέθρον	29.57	.01838		97	0.96
600	400	240	100	60	6	ΣΤΑ᾽ΔΙΟΝ or ΣΤΑ᾽ΔΙΟΣ	177.4	.11028		582	5.76
1200	800	480	200	120	12	2	Δίαυλος	354.8	.22056		1164	11.52
2400	1600	960	400	240	24	4	2	Ἱππικόν	.44112		2329	11.04
18,000	12,000	7200	3000	1800	180	30	15	7 1/2	Παρασάγγης	3.3084	3	1634	4.8
36,000	24,000	14,400	6000	3600	360	60	30	15	2	Σχοῖνος	6.6168	6	3268	9.6

NOTE.--The σχοῖνος, above given, is that of Herodotus, but the measure seems to have varied in different reaches of the Nile, and the Romans reckoned it about 4 Roman miles. On the parasang, see note to next Table. [p. 2.996]

TABLE IV.

ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.

II. LARGER MEASURES.--LAND AND ITINERARY.	Decimals of a Metre.	Decimals of a Mile.	Miles.	Feet.	Inches.
PES	0.296	.0001838			11.6496
1 1/2	Cubitus	0.444	.0002757		1	5.4744
2 1/2	1 2/3	Gradus, or Pes Sestertius	0.740	.0004596		2	5.124
5	3 1/3	2	PASSUS	1.48	.0009193		4	10.248
10	6 2/3	4	2	Decempeda, or Pertica	2.96	.001838		9	8.496
120	80	48	24	12	Actus (in length)	35.52	.2206		116	5.952
5000	3333 1/2	2000	1000	500	41 2/3	MILLE PASSUUM	1480	.9193		4854

NOTES TO TABLES III. AND IV.

N.B.--The Roman mile only differs from the English by less than 1-10th.

Ancient Road Measures.--As in Tables I. and II., so here, the relations of the measures to one another are correctly given, but the standards varied. It is proper, therefore, to add the length of various road measures according to the standards in use in different parts of the ancient world.

The Attic stadium being 177 m., the Olympic was 192 m., the Ptolemaic 185 m., the Ionic 210 m. (A metre is 39.37 English inches.)

The Romans, using round numbers, reckoned 8 stadia to the mile. According to this relation, the Roman stadium would be 185 m., and the old Italian 165 m.

Similarly, the Greeks reckoned 30 stadia to the parasang, but the parasang was really 30 Persian stadia, which were longer than the Greek, being 196.8 m. The true parasang was therefore 5904 m., or 3 miles 1180 yard. (So Oppert, but Hultsch determines it at 5670 m.)

The Gallic leuga was 2220 m.: the German rasta 4440 m. [p. 2.997]

TABLE V.

GRECIAN MEASURES OF SURFACE.

（ATTIC STANDARD.)

ORDINARY LAND MEASURES.	Square Metres.	Square Feet.	Perches.	Square Feet.
ΠΟΥΣ̂ τετράγωνος (Square Foot)	0.087	.94245		.94245
100	Ἄκαινα (Square of the κάλαμος）	8.74	94.245		94.245
10,000	100	ΠΛΕ᾽ΘΠΟΝ	8740	9424.5	34	167.5

NOTES.

The English acre being 160 perches or 4840 sq. yds., the πλέθρον is obviously less than 1/4 or an acre.

The Egyptian ἄρουρα (Hdt. 2.168) was a square of 50 Egyptian ells each way. The ell being taken at 0.524 m., or about 21 English inches, this gives a value of about 820 sq. yds. for the ἄρουρα. [p. 2.998]

TABLE VI.

ROMAN MEASURES OF SURFACE.

ORDINGARY LAND MEASURES.	Square Feet.	Acres.	Roods.	Perches.	Square Feet.
PES QUADRATUS	.94245				.9425
100	Scrupulum, or Decempeda Quadrata¹	94.245				94.245
480	4 4/5	ACTUS SIMPLEX	452.377			1	180.127
2400	24	5	UNCIA ²	2261.89			8	83.885
3600	36	7 1/2	1 1/2	Clima	3392.83			12	125.83
14,400	144	30	6	4	ACTUS QUADRATUS	13,571.318		1	9	231.07
28,800	288	60	12	8	2	JUGERUM	27,142.636		2	19	189.89³
57,600	576	120	24	16	4	2	Heredium	54.285.272	1	0	39	107.53
5,760,000	57,600	12,000	2400	1600	400	200	100	Centuria	5,428,527.2	124	2	19	135.25
23,040,000	230,400	48,000	9600	6400	1600	800	400	4	Saltus	21,714,108.8	498	1	37	268.75

[p. 2.999]

TABLE VII.

GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

I. ATTIC LIQUID MEASURES. (SOLONIAN.）	Gallons.	Pints.	Approximate.
Gallons.	Pints.
Κοχλιάριον		.008		1/120
2	Χήμη		.016		[frac160]
2 1/2	1 1/4	Μύστρον		.02		1/48
5	2 1/2	2	Κόγχη		.04		1/24
10	5	4	2	ΚΥ᾽ΑΘΟΣ		.08		1/12
15	7 1/2	6	3	1 1/2	Ὀξύβαφον		.12		1/8
30	15	12	6	3	2	Τέταρτον		.24		1/4
60	30	24	12	6	4	2	Κοτύλη, Τρυβλίον, or Ἡμίνα		.48		1/2
120	60	48	24	12	8	4	2	ΞΕ᾽ΣΤΗΣ (Sextarius)		.96		1
720	360	288	144	72	48	24	12	6	ΧΟΥΣ̂		5.76		6
5760	2880	2304	1152	576	384	192	96	48	8	ROMAN AMPHORA (κεράμιον）	5	6.03	6
8640	4320	3456	1728	864	576	288	144	72	12	1 1/2	ΑΜΦΟΠΕΥ᾽Σ ΜΕΤΠΗΤΗ᾽Σ	8	5.12	9

NOTE.--The above table is calculated from the κύαθος, as estimated above. If it is estimated at .045 litre, the μετρητὴς will be determined at about 1 pint less. [p. 2.1000]

TABLE VIII.

ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

I. LIQUID MEASURES.	Gallons.	Pints.	Approximate.
Gallons.	Pints.
Ligula		.02		1/48
4	CYATHUS ⁴		.08		1/12
6	1 1/2	Acetabulum		.12		1/8
12	3	2	Quartarius, i. e. 1/4 th of the Sextarius		.24		1/4
24	6	4	2	Hemina or Cotyla		.48		1/2
48	12	8	4	2	SEXTARIUS i. e. 1/6 th of the Congius		.96		1
288	72	48	24	12	6	CONGIUS		5.76		6
1152	288	192	96	48	24	4	Urna	2	7.04	3
2304	576	384	192	96	48	8	2	AMPHORA QUADRANTAL	5	6.08	6
46,080	11,520	7680	3840	1920	960	160	40	20	Culeus	115	1.6	120

NOTE.--The above table is also calculated from the Cyathus, determined at .08 pint, and here also a calculation from the Cyathus = .045 litre would make a trifling difference in the Amphora. [p. 2.1001]

TABLE IX.

GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

II. ATTIC DRY MEASURES. (SOLONIAN.）	Gallons.	Pints.	Approximate.
Gallons.	Pints.
ΚΥ᾽ΑΘΟΣ		.08		1/12
1 1/2	Ὀξύβαφον		.12		1/8
6	4	ΚΟΤΥ᾽ΛΗ, or Ἡμίνα		.48		1/2
12	8	2	ΞΕ᾽ΣΤΗΣ (Sextarius）		.96		1
24	16	4	2	ΧΟΙΝ̂ΙΞ		1.92		2
96	64	16	8	4	Ἡμίεκτον		7.68	1
192	128	32	16	8	2	Ἑκτεύς (equal to the Roman Modius	1	7.36	2
1152	768	192	96	48	12	6	ΜΕ᾽ΔΙΜΝΟΣ	11	4.16	12

NOTE.--The Egyptain hin was about 10 κύαθοι: the Persian ἀρτάβη about 48 quarts; the Ptolemaic ἀρτάβη about 48 quarts (= 1 μέδιμνος): the Spartan medimnus about 65 quarts: the Ptolemaic medimnus about 96 quarts or 3 bushels. [p. 2.1002]

TABLE X.

ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

II. ATTIC DRY MEASURES.	Gallons.	Pints.	Approximate.
Gallons.	Pints.
Ligula		.02		1/48
4	CYATHUS ⁵		.08		1/12
6	1 1/2	Acetabulum		.12		1/8
12	3	2	Quartarius, i. e. 1-4th of the Sextarius		.24		1/4
24	6	4	2	Hemina or Cotyla		.48		1/2
48	12	8	4	2	SEXTARIUS i. e. 1-6th of the Congius		.96		1
384	96	64	32	16	8	Semimodius		7.68	1
768	192	128	64	32	16	2	MODIUS	1	7.36	2

[p. 2.1003]

TABLE XI.

N.B.--One pound avoirdupois is exactly 7,000 grains: one ounce avoirdupois is 437 1/2 grains. 1 gramme is 15.43234 grains.

(A.) Various Oriental Weights.

	Grammes. (Appriximate.)	Grains. (Approximate.)	Avoirdupois, (Approximate.)
1. Egyptian.
Kat	9	140	1/3 oz.
10	Outen or Ten	90	1400	3 1/5 oz.
2. Babylonian Heavy Gold.
Shekel	16.83	260	3/5 oz.
50	Mina	841.5	13,000	1 lb. 13 5/7 oz.
3000	60	Talent	50,490	780,000	111 3/7 lbs.
3. Babylonian Heavy Silver.
Shekel	22.4	344	4/5 oz.
50	Mina	1,122	17,200	2 lbs. 7 1/3 oz.
3000	60	Talent	67,320	1,032,000	147 3/7 lbs.
4. Babylonian Light Gold and Light Silver Standards were exactly half the heavy gold and heavy silver respectively, so that:
Light Gold Shekel	8.41	130	3/10 oz.
Light Silver Shekel	11.2	172	2/5 oz.
5. Phoenician Silver.
Shekel	14.9	230	6/11 oz.
50	Mina	745	11,500	1 lb. 10 2/7 oz.
3000	60	Talent	44,700	690,000	98 4/7 lbs.

(B.) Aeginetan and Attic Commerical Weights.

	Grammes.	Grains.
Obol.	1.05	16
6	Drachm	6.30	97
12	2	Didrachm (στατήρ）	12.60	195
600	100	50	Mina	630	9,750
36,000	6000	3000	60	Talent	37,800	585,000

(C.) Euboic Weights.

	Grammes.	Grains.
Drachm	4.20	65
2	Stater	8.40	130
100	50	Mina	420	6,500
6000	3000	60	Talent	25,200	390,000

N.B.--Just as the Euboic drachm is 1/3 of the Aeginetan stater, so the Corinthian drachm is 1/3 of the Euboic stater. See Vol. II., p. 449 b.

(D.) Attic Weights (Solonian Coinage).

	Grammes.	Grains.
Drachm	4.40	67.5
2	Didrachm or Stater	8.80	135
100	50	Mina	440	6,750
6000	3000	60	Talent	26,400	405,000

N.B.--It will be seen that the ratio of the Aeginetan stater (195 gr.) to the Attic (135 gr.) is a good deal larger than 100:73 or 138:100 or 83 1/3 :60, which are the ratios ascribed to Solon's reduction of the Attic coinage. [p. 2.1004]

TABLE XII.

GRECIAN MONEY (valued by Weight).⁶

I. ATTIC COPPER AND SILVER.	£	s.	d.	Farthings.
Lepton (Λεπτόν）				.10
7	Chalcus (Χαλκοῦς				.75
14	2	Dichalcon, or Quarter Obol (Δίχαλκον）				1.5
28	4	2	Half Obol (Ἡμιωβόλιον）				3
56	8	4	2	OBOL (Ὀβολός）			1	1
112	16	8	4	2	Diobolus (Διώβολον）			2	2
168	24	12	6	3	1 1/2	Triobolus (Τριώβολον）			3	3
224	32	16	8	4	2	1 1/3	Tetrobolus (Τετρώβολον）			5	0
336	48	24	12	6	3	2	1 1/2	DRACHMA (Δραχμή）			8	2
672	96	48	24	12	6	4	3	2	Didrachm (Δίδραχμον）		1	5	0
1344	192	96	48	24	12	8	6	4	2	Tetradrachm (Τετράδραχμον		2	9	3
33,600	4800	2400	1200	600	300	200	150	100	50	25	MINA (Μνᾶ）	3	10	3	3
2,016,000	288,000	144,000	72,000	36,000	18,000	12,000	9000	6000	3000	1500	60	TALENT (Τάλαντον）	210	18	9	0

[p. 2.1005]

TABLE XIII.

ROMAN WEIGHTS.

I. THE UNCIAL DIVISIONS OF THE POUND.	Grammes.	Avoirdupois Weight.
Oz.	Grs.
UNCIA	27.288		430.83 1/3 ⁷
1 1/2	Sescuncia, or Sescunx	40.932	1	203.75
2	1 1/3	Sextans	54.576	1	404.16 2/3
3	2	1 1/2	Quadrans, or Teruncius	81.864	2	168.7500
4	2 1/3	2	1 1/3	Triens	109.152	3	270.83 1/3
5	3 1/3	2 1/2	1 2/3	1 1/4	Quincunx	136.440	4	354.16 2/3
6	4	3	2	1 1/2	1 1/5	SEMIS, or Semissis	163.728	5	337.5
7	4 1/3	3 1/2	2 1/3	1 3/4	1 2/5	1 1/6	Septunx	191.016	6	320.33 1/3
8	5 1/3	4	2 2/3	2	1 3/5	1 1/3	1 1/7	Bes, or Bessis	218.304	7	104.16 2/3
9	6	4 1/2	3	2 1/4	1 4/5	1 1/2	1 2/7	1 1/8	Dordans	245.592	8	277.5
10	6 1/3	5	3 1/3	2 1/2	2	1 2/3	1 3/7	1 1/4	1 1/9	Dextans	272.880	9	270.83 1/3
11	7 1/3	5 1/2	3 2/3	2 3/4	2 1/5	1 5/6	1 4/7	1 3/8	1 2/9	1 1/10	Deunx	300.168	10	260.83 1/3
12	8	6	4	3	2 2/5	2	1 5/7	1 1/2	1 1/3	1 1/5	1 1/11	AS or LIBRA	327.456	11⁸	237.5⁹

[p. 2.1006]

TABLE XIV.

ROMAN WEIGHTS.

II. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE UNCIA.	Grains.
Siliqua	2.9224
3	Obolus	8.767361
6	2	SCRUPULUM	17.53472
12	4	2	Semisextula	35.0694
24	8	4	2	SEXTULA	70.138
36	12	6	3	1 1/2	Sicilicus	105.2083
48	16	8	4	2	1 1/13	Duella	140.277
72	24	12	6	3	2	1 1/2	Semuncia	120.416
144	48	24	12	6	4	3	2	UNCIA	420.833
1728	576	288	144	72	48	36	24	12	AS or LIBRA	5050

[p. 2.1007]

TABLE XV.

NORMAL WEIGHTS OF ROMAN COINS IN ENGLISH GRAINS.

	B.C. 350.	B.C. 269.¹⁰	B.C. 210.¹¹	B.C. 89.	Augustus.¹²	Nero.	Caracalla.¹³
GOLD.
Aureus			52.5		126.	112.	101
SILVER.
Denarius		70	60	60	60	52
Quinarius		35	30		30	26
Sestertius		17.5	15		15
Victoriatus				45
Antoninianus							84
COPPER.
Sestertius (brass)					420	420
Dupondius (brass)					210	210
As (libella）	5050	1750	421	210	200?	200
Semis	2525	875	210	105	100?

The gold solidus of Constantine and his successors weighed a little over 80 grains.

N.B.--The English sovereign weighs 123.27447 grains; the shilling 87.27272 gr.; the penny 145.83333 gr. These weights form the basis of Table XVI. [p. 2.1008]

TABLE XVI.

ROMAN COINS COMPARED, IN WEIGHT, WITH ENGLISH.

	B.C. 350.	B.C. 269.	B.C. 210.	B.C. 89.	Augustus.	Nero.	Caracalla.
GOLD.
Aureus			£1 7/40		£1/45	£10/11	£9/11
SILVER.
Denarius		4/5 s.	11/16s.	11/16s.	11/16s.	3/5 s.
Quinarius		2/5 s.	1 1/32s.		1 1/32s.	3/10s.
Sestertius		1/5 s.	11/64s.		11/64s.
Victoriatus				33/64s.
Antoninianus							2 8/29s.
COPPER.
Sestertius (brass)					2 7/8 d.	2 7/8 d.
Dupondius (brass)					1 7/16d.	1 7/16d.
As	34 1/2 d.	12d.	2 7/8 d.	1 7/16d.	1 3/8 d. (?)	1 3/8 d.
Semis	17 1/4 d.	6d.	1 7/16d.	3/4 d.

NOTE.--The above table gives a good idea of the size of the coin, but not so accurate a notion of its intrinsic value, for the English sovereign contains 1/12th alloy, the shilling 3/40ths alloy, the penny 1/20th alloy.

The intrinsic value of a gold coin may be determined from the fact that the Bank of England is bound to buy gold bullion at the fixed rate of £3 17s. 9d. per oz. Troy of 480 grs. Hence, for instance, the aureus of Augustus would fetch £1 0s. 9 1/2 d. But the price of silver bullion is not fixed, and has varied within the last 20 years from 5s. to 3s. 8d. per oz. Troy; and similarly the value of copper varies. The relative values, again, of gold to silver and of silver to copper fluctuated considerably in ancient times, as they do now, and the intrinsic values of e. g. the aureus to the denarius, taken now, would not correspond to their relative values of 1 aureus = 25 denarii. Cf. also the article As.

For practical purposes, the aureus of Augustus = £1 sterling; the denarius = 1 franc (9 3/5 d.); the sestertius = 2 2/5 d. or 1/100th of £1. A sum given in sestertii may be converted into pounds sterling by dividing it by 100.

(ζῦθος). [CERVESIA]ZYTHUM

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