Born to a wealthy merchant family of Chios, their father Stephenos Ralli (1755–1827) had settled in Marseilles, but recognised that the nexus of trading had changed in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, and sent his eldest son John to London to explore business opportunities.

Founding of the Ralli Brothers’ partnership

John started trading in oriental silk and Russian grain in exchange for British textiles, and fetched his brothers over to help, incorporating as Ralli Brothers in London. Brother Eustratios ran the textile export operations from Manchester, Toumazis sourced raw materials and grain from Odessa and Constantinople, Pandia financed it from the Baltic Exchange, and Augustus oversaw the Mediterranean operations from Marseilles.

Their move away from Greece was prescient as it preceded the turmoil that was about to befall the Ottoman Empire that resulted in the Chios massacre and subsequent Greek diaspora, and saw their traditional home markets closed.

They were quick to seize new opportunities created by wars, political events, and the opening of new markets, such as corn, cotton, silk, opium and fruit, rapidly establishing major trading operations across the Mediterranean, Russia, reaching out as far as St Petersburg, Taganrog, Tabriz, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Syria.

Although they employed more than 40,000 people at one time, control rested in the hands of the extended family. When Pandia married in 1831, it was to Marietta Scaramanga (1810–60), another merchant from Chios, whose family had significant trading operations in Russia.

From 1851 Ralli Brothers started operations in India with offices in Calcutta and Bombay that specialised in jute, shellac, teelseed, turmeric, ginger, rice, saltpetre, and borax,[1] with 4,000 clerks and 15,000 warehousemen and dockers.

Their American operations ran from New York and New Orleans, in association with their cousin Alexander Vlasto. They accurately gauged the grain opportunities that arose from the Crimean War, and were early traders in grain futures.
Later generations, Ralli Brothers Ltd

The partnership was dissolved on Pandia's death, but his nephew Stephen Augustus Ralli (1829–1902) passed the Russian business to the Scaramanga family, and re-constituted Ralli Brothers on the British, American and Indian operations. On his death it passed in turn to his nephew Sir Lucas Ralli Bt., (1846–1931) who continued the tradition of adroit investment.

They made fortunes by building on the Indian and American businesses, astutely shipping cotton and textiles after the American Civil War and, from 1882, dealing in opium. From new offices in Pondicherry and Madras they dealt in 'Khandesh' groundnuts, and when World War I started Rallis held the exclusive contract with the British War Department for jute sandbags.[2]

The Great Depression saw the company beset with cashflow problems which forced the Indian operations to close and another Greek trading family, Argenti, stepped in to act as their agents.

In late 1960, Sir Isaac Wolfson, of Great Universal Stores, and Harry Recanati, of the Israel Discount Bank, approached the board of Ralli Brothers with an offer to acquire the whole of its share capital at a price that was between 2 and 3 times higher than the prevailing price quoted on the London Stock Exchange. At this time Jack Vlasto was the Company President, having taken over this role from Sir Strati Ralli Bt., MC in 1950. The approach from Sir Isaac Wolfson was not welcomed by the Company Directors but, as Ralli Brothers Ltd. was a merchant bank, the matter was referred to the Governor of the Bank of England. His advice was that the offer must be placed before the shareholders so that they should not be denied the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium. In 1961 the shareholders subsequently voted to accept the offer, and Sir Isaac Wolfson took over control of the commercial operations of the firm in a deal worth £5.5m, a substantial sum at that time.

The Israel Discount Bank added the international merchant banks of Ralli Brothers to its portfolio of private banks, although Harry Recanati left when the other directors chose to list the banking group publicly on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in 1970. The Israel Discount Bank became insolvent in 1983 and was controversially nationalised by the Treasury of the Government of Israel. Recanati had retained ownership of the Swiss private bank of Ralli Brothers (Bankers) S.A. which he later sold to Security Pacific Bank of California, using the proceeds to found a number of public museums. These Ralli Museums are free non-profit galleries of contemporary Latin-American art.[3]

In 1962, Sir Godfrey Ralli and his brother, Lucas Ralli, (Major), who had both been on the Board of Ralli Brothers, set up a new venture called G & L Ralli. This was primarily concerned with the management of trust funds, but soon branched out into general private client portfolio management. The company later became a Licensed Dealer in Securities,(a Member of FIMBRA). In 1983 Ralli Investment Company Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary, acquired a licence as a Deposit-Taker from the Bank of England. John Ralli, the son of Lucas, was on the Board of the main and subsidiary companies from 1986 to 1990. In 1997, G & L Ralli merged with Ely Fund Managers. Ely Fund Managers, the UK private banking business of the Franco-Belgium group, Dexia, in turn, were subsequently absorbed into Rathbones in 2006, for a price of £14.5m.

In 1981 Ralli Brothers was sold to Cargill Inc. of Minneapolis, a billion dollar company. In 2002 this whole organization became known as Cargill Cotton.

1854-1931, Rallis' sojourn in India was extremely successful until the great economic crash of 1929 led them to close down their Indian operations. 1948-1963, Rallis India was reborn in a partitioned and independent India. The Company diversified, and its fertilizer and pesticides businesses began to take shape. 1964-1978, Rallis passed through turbulent times, molting and evolving. 1981-2000, Rallis' future was now firmly enmeshed in the future of Indian agriculture.

By the early nineties, Rallis became the fourth largest seed company in India. Tata Chemicals' fertilizer plant, manufacturing Urea, was set up. Having identified agri-business as its core strength, Rallis divested its pharmaceutical business, and decided to consolidate its position in pesticides, fertilizers and seeds.
Cultural influence

The Rallis used their establishment in London and elsewhere to help the influx of Greek merchants that emigrated to set up in business and settle into their new countries. Although they maintained their Greek culture and religion, they mostly became assimilated and naturalised subjects in their adopted lands. Pandia had a reputation for fair dealing and avoided questionable deals and finances, and forced his standards on the other Greek émigrés with whom they did business, earning him the nickname of 'Zeus'.

Through their contacts, which included Byron, they rose to prominence in British business and aristocratic circles, with Pandia becoming a leading representative of the Greek Community in London and British Consul for the newly-independent country of Greece, and organised the Greek entry in The Great Exhibition of 1851.
Legacy

Perhaps influenced by their families' own experience, they and their descendants were frequent donors to medical charities operating in Eastern Europe and the Balkan wars. The family initiated the construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral, (co-funded by prominent members of the Greek community in London) and Pandia was instrumental in setting up the Greek Orthodox cemetery within West Norwood Cemetery in 1842. Antonius commissioned the Doric chapel to St Stephen there from John Oldrid Scott, now listed Grade II*. Some of the family also commissioned architects to create their own significant mausoleums there, including:

Eustratios Ralli, a Doric temple by Edward Middleton Barry (Grade II)
Antonios Ralli, a Roman-style temple mausoleum (Grade II)
John Peter Ralli, a two-storey polychromatic mausoleum by George Edmund Street in his streaky bacon style (Grade II*)

Notes

^ Rallis India company website
^ The Times, 4 September 1916
^ Harry Recanati

References

Ralli family from Christopher Long website
S. D. Chapman, Ralli, Pantia Stephen Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (subscription)
S. D. Chapman, Ralli, Stephen Augustus Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Friends of West Norwood Cemetery

The Story of Rathbones since 1742 - David Lascelles, James & James (Publishers) Ltd p130 - 2006 purchase of Ely Fund Managers
External links

Online British Home Office record of Pandeli Ralli's naturalization