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Ioannis Vlachos (Greek: Ιωάννης Βλάχος), better known as Daskalogiannis (Greek: Δασκαλογιάννης) (?-June 17, 1771) was a wealthy shipbuilder and shipowner who led a Cretan revolt against Ottoman rule in the 18th century.[1][2][3]
Life and career
The gulf of Loutro with the islet of Loutro
(on the right).
Ioannis Vlachos was born in Anopolis village in Sfakia, a semi-autonomous region of Crete, in 1722 or 1730. His father, who was a wealthy shipowner, sent him to be educated abroad. Due to his education, his compatriots called him "Daskalos" (teacher), hence his nickname Daskalogiannis. He is referred to as a town clerk, in 1750, and chairman of the region of Sfakia in 1765, and as the owner of four, three-mast, merchant ships that sailed between the ports of the Mediterranean.[4] These would have sailed from Prosyalo and the gulf of Loutro.[3]
Daskalogiannis knew Emmanouil Benakis at Mani and it is likely that Benakis introduced him to Count Orlov who Catherine the Great had sent to the Peloponnese in 1769 to instigate a revolt there.[4] Many men from Sfakia also participated in the revolt in the Peloponnese.[4]
Leader of revolt
In early 1770, he was contacted by Russian emissaries, who hoped to instigate a revolt amongst the Greek subjects of the Ottoman Empire. Daskalogiannis agreed to fund and organise a rebellion in Sfakia against the Turkish authorities when the Russian emissaries promised to support this. In the spring of 1770 Daskalogiannis made preparations for the revolt at Sfakia, he brought together men, rifles, and supplies and had defences built at strategic locations.[4] However, the Russian fleet in the Aegean, under Count Orlov did not sail for Crete, and the Cretan revolt was left to its own devices. The uprising began on 25 March 1770, with the flag raised at the church of Agios Georgios of Anopolis, and for a short time, parts of Crete had the attributes of an independent nation, including its own coins, minted in a cave near Hora Sfakion.
The coming winter was difficult because the Russian intervention, promised to Daskalogiannis, did not materialise.[5] The uprising did not spread to the lowlands, and without outside support, it was put down brutally by the superior Turkish forces of the island, who easily defeated the ca. 1,300 rebels. Sfakia was for the first time fully dominated by Turkish forces. Daskalogiannis surrendered with 70 men at the castle of Frangokastello near Hora Sfakion. On the orders of the Pasha of Candia (Heraklion), he was tortured outside Heraklion's harbour fortress, skinned alive and executed οn 17 June 1771.[6] He is said to have suffered all this in dignified silence. The Turks forced Daskalogiannis' brother to watch the torturous execution and it drove him insane.[6][7]
Legacy
Daskalogiannis was immortalised in several folk tales and songs, the most prominent of which is the celebrated epic ballad by Barba-Pantzelios, a poor cheese-maker from Mouri - To tragoudi tou Daskalogianni of 1786:[4][8]
…Φτάνουν στο Φραγκοκάστελο και στον πασά ποσώνου,
κι εκείνος δούδει τ' όρντινο κι ευτύς τσοι ξαρματώνου.
Ούλους τσοι ξαρματώσασι και τσοι μπισταγκωνίζου
και τότες δα το νιώσασι πως δεν ξαναγυρίζου.
...They arrive at Frangokastello and surrender to the pasha,
and he gives the order to disarm them at once.
All of them were disarmed and ill at ease,
for now they sensed that they would never go home.
The international airport of Chania (CHQ/LGSA) bears Daskalogiannis' name.[9] A memorial statue can be seen at Anopolis where he was born. One of the regular ferries in the Crete southeast routes is named the Daskalogiannis.
References
^ George Childs Kohn (Editor) Dictionary of Wars 650 pages ISBN 1579582044 ISBN 978-1579582043 Page 155
^ Daskalogiannis - Skinned alive
^ a b Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 357
^ a b c d e Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 358
^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 359
^ a b Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 360
^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 361
^ Roderick Beaton Folk Poetry of Modern Greece 248 pages Publisher: Cambridge University Press (May 20, 2004) ISBN 0521604206 ISBN 978-0521604208
^ Ioannis Daskalogiannis International Airport
Sources
Detorakis, Theocharis (1988). "Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη ("Turkish rule in Crete")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (in Greek). Crete, History and Civilization. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. 333–436.
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