Midas and Bacchus, Nicolas Poussin, 1629/30 Oil on canvas, 98 x 130 cm Alte Pinakothek, Munich Germany

Midas (Μίδας, often referred to as King Midas) was a character in Greek mythology, who is mostly recognized for his ability to turn anything he touched into gold.

He was King of Pessinus, a city in Phrygia in Asia Minor, who as a child was adopted by Gordias and Cybele. He was known for being a hedonist, and an excellent rose gardener, and according to the myth, he had one son, Lityerses, but in some variations of the myth he had a daughter, Zoe, instead of a son.

Background

Historically it is known that Midas was king of Phrygia in the late 8th century BC. He may be identical with Mita king of the Mushki known from a list of allies of Sargon of Assyria, dated to 709 BC.

According to legend, he was the son of Gordius, a poor countryman, who was taken by the people and made king, in obedience to the command of the oracle. The Oracle said, according to the myth, that their future king should come in a wagon. While the people were deliberating, Gordius with his wife and son came driving in his wagon into the public square.

Other versions of the myth portray Midas as a peasant who performed a good deed and became king, where greed then swept him over.

Punishment of Midas, Hendrik de Clerck, c. 1620, 43 x 62 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (Midas with ass's ears favours Pan instead Apollo, next to Athena, Tmolus the judge of the contest)

Detail of Midas, from the Punishment of Midas

The Myth

Once, Dionysus, the god of wine, found his old school master and foster father, Silenus, missing. The old man had been drinking, and had wandered away drunk, and was found by some peasants, who carried him to their king, Midas (alternatively, he passed out in Midas' rose garden). Midas recognized him, and treated him hospitably, entertaining him for ten days and nights with politeness, while Silenus entertained Midas and his friends with stories and songs. On the eleventh day he brought Silenus back to Dionysus. Dionysus offered Midas his choice of whatever reward he wanted. Midas asked that whatever he might touch should be changed into gold. Dionysus consented, though was sorry that he had not made a better choice. Midas rejoiced in his new power, which he hastened to put to the test. He touched and turned to gold an oak twig and a stone. Overjoyed, as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a feast on the table. Then he found that his bread, meat and wine turned to gold and became inedible. He found that when he touched his daughter, she turned into a statue as well. This made him realize the bad choice he'd made.

Upset, Midas strove to divest himself of his power (the "Midas Touch"); he hated the gift he had coveted. He prayed to Dionysus, begging to be delivered from starvation. Dionysus heard and consented; he told Midas to wash in the river Pactolus. He did so, and when he touched the waters the power passed into the river, and the river sands became changed into gold. (Note: this explained why the river Pactolus was so rich in gold)

Midas, hating wealth and splendor, moved to the country, and became a worshipper of Pan, the god of the fields. Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the lyre, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented, and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.

King Midas was moritifed at this mishap. But he attempted to hide his misfortune with an ample turban or headdress. But his hairdresser of course knew the secret. He was told not to mention it. He could not keep the secret; so he went out into the meadow, dug a hole in the ground, whispered the story into it, and covered the hole up. A thick bed of reeds sprang up in the meadow, and began whispering the story and saying "King Midas has an ass's ears." Some of his people heard and began to gossip about it. Midas found out who had told, and was going to kill him, but decided not to. Apollo then came and gave him normal ears again, as he had completely shown that he had changed his ways.

Landscape with the Judgement of Midas, Joos de Momper

The punishment of Midas, Jan Boeckhorst

See also

• The tales of King Midas has been told by others with some variations. Dryden, in the Wife of Bath's Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer, makes Midas' queen Demodike (or Hermodike) of Kyme (Aristot. fr. 611, 37; Pollux 9, 83,[1]) the betrayer of the secret.by ella
  
• The Berecynthian Hero
  
• Berecynthian Hero (after Mt. Berecynthus in Phrygia)