Panopeus (Πανοπεύς), or Phanoteus (the name is given in a variety of forms in the ancient sources),[1] was a Greek town of ancient Phocis, near the frontier of Boeotia, and on the road from Daulis to Chaeronea. Pausanias said that Panopeus was 20 stadia from Chaeronea and 7 from Daulis;[2] but the latter number is almost certainly a mistake. The ruins at the village of Agios Vlasios (or Aio Vlasi) (Ἅγιος Βλάσις), which are clearly those of Panopeus, are about 20 stadia distant from Chaeronea, but as much as 27 stadia distant from Daulis.[3]
Panopeus was a very ancient town, which according to Greek mythology was originally inhabited by the Phlegyae. Strabo relates that it was founded by Panopeus.[4] Homer lists Panopeus in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad.[5] Schedius, king of Panopeus, and his brother, were the leaders of the Phocians in the Trojan War.[6] Panopeus was also celebrated for the grave of Tityos, who was slain by Apollo and Artemis at this place, because he attempted to rape their mother Leto on her way to Delphi.[6][7]
Panopeus was destroyed in the Greco-Persian Wars by Xerxes in 480 BCE.[8] In 395 BCE, ts territory was sacked by the Boeotians, who tried to raid the city but could only take the suburbs by force.[9] In 346 BCE, it was destroyed again by Philip II of Macedon at the close of the Third Sacred War.[10] It was taken by the Romans in 198 BCE, on the first attack;[11][12] and was destroyed for the third time in the campaign between Sulla and Archelaus, the general of Mithridates VI of Pontus, in the 1st century BCE.[13]
Pausanias said that the city was 7 stadia in circumference, but in his time the place only consisted of a few huts situated on the side of a river. Up until at least the 19th century there were still considerable remains of the ancient walls on the rocky heights above Agios Vlasios. The masonry is of different periods, as one might expect given the repeated destruction of the city. There are no longer any remains of the tomb of Tityos, which, according to Pausanias, was 1/3 of a stade in circumference, and stood on the side of the river. Pausanias also mentions on the side of the Sacred Way a building of unbaked bricks, containing a statue of the Pentelic Marble, which was supposed to be intended either for Prometheus or Asclepius. It was believed by some that Prometheus made the human race out of the sandy-colored rocks in the vicinity of this town, and that they still carried the smell of human flesh.[14][15]
References
Πανοτεύς, Homer, Strabo and Pausanias; Πανόπη, Hesiod, On Strabo ix. p. 424; Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.; Ovid, Metamorphoses iii. 19; Stat. Theb. vii. 344; Πανοπέαι, Herodotus, viii. 34; Φανοτεύς, said by Strabo (ix. p. 423) to be its name in his time, but the form also occurs in Thucydides (iv. 89). Φανότεια Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.; Phanotea, Livy, xxxii. 18: Ethnos: Πανοτεύς, Φανοτεύς
Pausanias, Description of Greece ix. 4. § 1.7.
Smith, William (1857), "Panopeus", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 2, London: Walton & Maberly, pp. 542–543
Strabo. Geographica. 9.3.14. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
Homer. Iliad. 2.519.
Pausanias, Description of Greece x. 4. § 1-5.
Homer, Odyssey x. 576.
Herodotus, viii. 34.
Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, 21.5.
Pausanias, Description of Greece x. 3. § 1.
Livy, xxxii. 18.
Polybius, v. 96.
Plutarch, Sulla 16.
Edward Dodwell, A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece vol. i, p. 207.
William Martin Leake, Travels in Northern Greece vol. ii, p. 109.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Panopeus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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