Ὠκαλέα, πόλις Βοιωτίας. Ὠκαλέην Μεδεῶνά τ´ ἐυκτίμενον πτολίεθρον Ὅμηρος. ἔστι δὲ πρὸς τῇ Ἁλιάρτῳ. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Ὠκάλεια, ὡς Ἀπολλόδωρος. τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ὠκαλεύς, ὡς Μαντίνεια [Μαντινεύς]. ἐκλήθη δὲ οὕτως διὰ τὸ συντόμως πορεύεσθαι ἐκ Θεσπιῶν εἰς Θήβας· αἱ δὲ Θεσπιαὶ γειτονοῦσι καὶ ὁμοροῦσιν αὐτῇ. Stephanus of Byzantium
Ocalea or Okalea (Ancient Greek: Ὠκαλέα, romanized: Ōkalea, rarely Ὠκαλέαι), later Ocaleia or Okaleia (Ὠκάλεια), was a town in ancient Boeotia, Greece. It lay in the middle of a long narrow plain, situated upon a small stream of the same name, bounded on the east by the heights of Haliartus, on the west by the mountain Tilphossium, on the south by a range of low hills, and on the north by the Lake Copais.
Ocalea lay roughly halfway between Alalcomenae and Haliartus, about 30 stadia (5.5 km) from each.[1] Ancient sources often mention it alongside Mantinea and Medeon, which suggests that they were close by.[2] The short distance between Mantinea and Ocalea seems to be the reason why the mythical figure Aglaïa, daughter of Mantineus, was sometimes also known as Ocalea. This town was dependent upon Haliartus.
Its site is tentatively located near modern Evangelistria.[3][4]
Origins
Most sources that discuss the origin of the town's name explain it as coming from the Greek adjective ὠκύς, "quick". The early "D" scholia on the Iliad explain this as a reference to an unnamed river flowing past it; the geographical writer Stephanus of Byzantium explains it as a reference to the brief journey from the nearby town Thespiae to Thebes.[5]
Mythology
The Hymn to Apollo narrates how the god Apollo, in his search for a place to establish his oracle, passes by Ocalea and Haliartus after crossing the river Cephissus on his way to Telphousa. Ocalea and Haliartus are named in the wrong order, since Apollo is supposed to be travelling westwards. The poem describes Ocalea as πολύπυργος, "many-towered"; but the epithet is so common as to be almost meaningless.[6]
The Library falsely attributed to Apollodorus of Athens tells the story of how when Heracles fought the Minyans of Orchomenus, his foster-father Amphitryon was killed. After this Zeus' son Rhadamanthys, who had been exiled from Crete, married Amphitryon's widow, Alcmene, and they settled in Ocalea.[7] Tzetzes adds that in Ocalea Rhadamanthys taught the young Heracles to shoot a bow.[8]
The Homeric Iliad mentions Ocalea in the Catalogue of Ships as one of the towns that contributed to the Boeotian contingent of the Greek army in the Trojan War.[9]
References
Strabo. Geographica. 9.2.26-27. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
E.g. Homer Iliad 2.501; Dionysius of Byzantium, Description of Greece 99.
Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 55, and directory notes accompanying.
Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
Schol. D on Iliad 2.501; Stephanus 706 s.v. Ὠκαλέα. Herodian De prosodia catholica iii.1 p. 284 gives both explanations. Stephanus and Herodian seem to be under the mistaken impression that Ocalea lay on the route from Thespiae to Thebes; but Thespiae is some way from where the lake was.
Hymn to Apollo, 242.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, 2.69-2.70.
Tzetzes, scholia on pseudo-Lycophron Alexandra 50.
Homer. Iliad. 2.501.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Ocalea". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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