For the Eleatics changes are not real.

Eleatics | Parmenides of Elea | Melissus | Zenon von Elea

Xenophanes

| Anaxagoras | Empedocles

Can everything change? At least you need some fixed reference point for the observation of the changes.

Ionian Philosopy:

Thales

| Anaximander | Anaximenes
Diogenes Apolloniates (or Diogenes of Apollonia)

Atomists: Democritus | Leucippus

Pythagoreans: Alcmaion of Crotona | Pythagoras | Theano | Archytas | Hippasus | Philolaus

Sophists: Antiphon | Gorgias | Hippias of Elis | Critias | Prodicus | Protagoras

The river is not the same..it changes continously

(...fire when it comes will judge and condemn all things). Heraclitus (c. 544 BC – c. 483 BC)

According to Douglas Adams there is a theory which states that if ever anybody discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened! According to the Greek Stoics the world will be destroyed by a fire (ekpyrosis) and replaced / restored) (apokatastasis) again by god with an identical Universe.

'That which is so great that there is nothing outside it may be called the Great One; and that which is so small that there is nothing inside it maybe called the Small One.' 'What has no thickness and will not admit of being repeated is 1000 lî in size.' 'Heaven may be as low as the earth.' 'A mountain may be as level as a marsh.' ' The sun in the meridian may be the sun declining.' 'A creature may be born to life and may die at the same time.' '(When it is said that) things greatly alike are different from things a little alike, this is what is called making little of agreements and differences; (when it is said that) all things are entirely alike or entirely different, this is what is called making much of agreements and differences.' 'The south is unlimited and yet has a limit.' Zhuangzi Chuang Chou about the sayings of Hui Shih (4th century BC) ; Zhuangzi who dreamed that he was a butterfly and after he woke up, he wondered whether he was Zhuangzi who had just finished dreaming he was a butterfly, or a butterfly who had just started dreaming he was Zhuangzi.

Socrates

But the truth men of Athens is this: that real wisdom is the property of God, and this oracle (Delphi) is his way of telling us that human wisdom has little or no value. It seems to me that he is not referring literally to Socrates, but has merely taken my name as an example, as he would say to us ‘The wisest of you men is he who has realized, like Socrates, that in respect of wisdom he is really worthless. Socrates according to Plato

Socrates is accused by Lycon and Anytus via Meletus that he corrupts the youth. Not thar only the followers of Socrates tried to overthrow the Athenian Democracy but also the sons of Lycon (Autolycus) and Anytus had a sexual relationship with the old bisexual Socrates. Is it a surprise that the former general and politician Anytus does not like Socrates? Athens just lost all its power after the Peloponessian war. Another reason to offer Socrates as a sacrifice to the angry Gods. With 280 from 500 voices the result of the trial is: Socrates is guilty and he must die.

No one can read the story of the death of Socrates in the prison, as told by Plato in the "Phaido," without feeling (aside from the noble philosophical setting) how much more humane were such executions by hemlock than is the modern gallows or electric chair. William Stearns Davis

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Socrates , Socrates: Theosophical , I.F. Stone Breaks the Socrates Story , The Trial of Socrates , The Last Days of Socrates ,

Did Plato tell the truth? The death of Socrates using only "conium maculatum" some physicians say would be much worse and painfull than Plato describes. Hemlock Poisoning and the Death of Socrates: Did Plato Tell the Truth?

Plato

Part of the series on: The Dialogues of Plato

Early dialogues:

Apology – Charmides – Crito

Euthyphro – First Alcibiades

Hippias Major – Hippias Minor

Ion – Laches – Lysis

Transitional & middle dialogues:

Cratylus – Euthydemus – Gorgias

Menexenus – Meno – Phaedo

Protagoras – Symposium

Later middle dialogues:

The Republic – Phaedrus

Parmenides – Theaetetus

Late dialogues:

Timaeus – Critias

The Sophist – The Statesman

Philebus – Laws

Of doubtful authenticity:

Clitophon – Epinomis

Epistles – Hipparchus

Minos – Rival Lovers

Second Alcibiades – Theages

Plato , Plato's Life by Diogenes Laertios

Texts

• Apology
• Charmides
• Critias
• Timaeus , Comments
• Symposium , Plato's Symposium, a discussion about Love (Comments)
• Protagoras , Comments
• Cratylus
• Euthydemus
• Euthyphro
• Ion
• Laches
• Menexenus
• Meno
• Parmenides
• Phaedo
• Phaedrus
• Philebus
• Sophist
• Statesman
• Theaetetus

Plato Forms

Plato's intellectual light , Plato: Paradise and Hell, what happens after our death? ,

Plato's Republic

Where is Plato's Republic? Next to Yongy-Bongy-Bo, Shangri-La and Nirvana Land according to an American Newspaper Map

Speusippus - Xenocrates of Calchedon - Polemon of Athens - Pamphilus of Samos

Arcesilaus of Pitane - Lacydes of Cyrene - Euandros of Phocis - Hegesinus of Pergamon

Carneades of Cyrene - Hagnon of Tarsus - Charmadas - Melanthius of Rhodes -

Aristotle

The man was born, he worked, and then died. Martin Heidegger, German philosopher, A short biography of Aristotle presented in a lecture.

Works

Megarian School of Philosophy

Euclides of Megara

Stilpon

Stoicism

The stoic world: A deterministic world (where everything, good or bad ,is predeterminded). A world not separated from god, as part of the world all with a the gift of logos (that as a seed of reason was called "logos spermatikos") are part of a "cosmopolis". It is this participation that provides at least some answer to the problem of determinism.  The idea of a cosmopolis was probably a reason that stoicism was supported by the Roman philosophers and rulers for which Rome was the cosmopolis.

Zeno of Citium the Stoic