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German Stamps

Roswitha von Gandersheim

Description
English: 1000th day of death of Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim (c. 935 to c. 975)
Deutsch: 1000. Todestag von Roswitha von Gandersheim (um 935 bis nach 973

Graphics by Lederbogen
Ausgabepreis: 40 Pfennig
First Day of Issue / Erstausgabetag: 25. Mai 1973
Michel-Katalog-Nr: 770

Hrotsvitha (c. 935 – c. 1002), also known as Hroswitha, Hrotsvit, Hrosvit, and Roswitha, was a 10th-century German secular canoness, as well as a dramatist and poet who lived and worked in Abbey of Gandersheim, in modern-day Lower Saxony, a community of secular canonesses. Her name, as she herself attests, is Saxon for "strong voice."[1]

She wrote in Latin, and is considered by some to be the first person since antiquity to compose drama in the Latin West.

Life
Albrecht Dürer woodcut of Roswitha and Otto the Great, 1501

Hrotsvit was born into the German nobility and became a canoness at the Abbey of Gandersheim, located at Bad Gandersheim.

Hrotsvit studied under Rikkardis and Gerberg,[2] daughter of Henry the Fowler. Gerberg's brother, the Emperor Otto I, penned a history that became one of Hrotsvit's poetical subjects, in her Carmen de Gestis Oddonis Imperatoris, which encompasses the period up to the coronation of Emperor Otto I in 962.

She was noted for her great learning and was introduced to Roman Writers by Gerberg. Hrotsvit's work shows familiarity, not only with the Church fathers, but also with Classical poetry, includingVirgil, Horace, Ovid, Plautus and Terence (on whom her own verse was modelled). Several of her plays draw on the so-called apocryphal gospels. Her works form part of the Ottonian Renaissance.
Works

Hrotsvit believed Otto had an affinity for Italy because of romances which are set there such as the story of Geoffrey Rudel. Pilgrims returned commending the troubled Queen Adelheid. Hrotsvit penned a number of legends in verse. Two of these are those of St. Gingulphus and Theophilus.

The story of Theophilus was one of the most popular written in any language. It describes how the young archdeacon was disappointed about his promotion. He consults a Jewish sorcerer and is taken to a meeting of devils. Theophilus renounces God in a written document, then repents. He is rescued by the Virgin Mary. Hrotsvit supplements the story with her description of Theophilus in The Seven Arts:- De sophiae rivis septeno fonte manantis.

The most well known and original of the works of Hrotsvit is her imitation of Terence. It was written in prose as six comedies. She writes in her preface that her writing will appeal to many who are attracted by the charm of style.

The comedies of Hrotsvit took the place of Terence in the studies of Gandersheim. Her themes remained love stories. Among them include Gallicanus, Dulcitius, Callimachus, Abraham, Paphnutius, and Sapientia. The reader will note Dulcitius being stricken with illusion, embracing the pots and kettles in the kitchen. In the meantime three lovely maidens, Agape, Chionia, and Irene, are rescued from his villainy.
Works

The most important manuscript of her works, containing all the texts other than Primordia, is the Codex Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Bavarian State Library) Clm 14485, a manuscript written by several, different hands in Gandersehim toward the end of the 10th or start of the 11th centuries. It was discovered by the humanist Conrad Celtis in 1493/94 in the Cloister of St. Emmeram in Regensburg and formed the first edition (illustrated by Albrecht Dürer).

Her plays feature the chastity and perseverance of Christian women and contrast these to the perceived Latin portrayal of women as weak and emotional. Her Passio Sancti Pelagii is derived, she says, from an eyewitness to the martyrdom of Pelagius of Cordova.

Hrosvit divided her work herself into three books. The Book of Legends contained eight legends— with the exception of Gangolf—in dactylic hexameter:

Ascensio
Gangolf
Pelagius
Theophilus (a "deal with the devil" legend)
Basilius
Dionysius
Agnes
Maria

The Book of Drama presents a Roman Catholic alternative to Terence. These are the six plays, that are not so much drama as "dialogues", and are a medieval example of closet drama:

Gallicanus
Dulcitius
Callimachus
Abraham
Pafnutius
Sapientia

The third book comprised two historical writings in Latin Hexameters: the Gesta Ottonis (a history of the Ottonian houses 919-965) and the Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis (a history of her order from 846-919).
Contemporary references

Since 1973 Bad Gandersheim has annually awarded the Roswitha Prize, named for Hrosvit, to female writers; since 1974 the Roswitha Ring has been awarded at the close of each summer season of the Gandersheimer Domfestspiele to the outstanding actress.

In 2006, American feminist drama group Guerrilla Girls On Tour issued the "First Annual Hrosvitha Challenge" on their website, announcing that they would bestow the First Annual Hrosvitha Award on whichever professional theater decides "to scrap their plans of producing yet another production of a Greek tragedy and instead produce a play by Hrosvitha, the first female playwright".

Hrotsvitha is frequently referred to in John Kennedy Toole's comic masterpiece A Confederacy of Dunces, in which she is called Hroswitha.

Asteroid 615 Roswitha is named in her honour.
Notes

^ Jones, Charles W. (2001). Medieval Literature in Translation. Mineola, N. Y.: Dover. p. 210. ISBN 0-486-41581-3.
^ Wilson. p. 31.

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Modern editions and translations of Hrotsvitha's work

Winterfeld, Paul von (ed.) (1902) Hrotsvithae opera. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica; SS. rer. Germanicarum) Available from Digital MGH online.
Strecker, Karl (ed.) (1902) Hrotsvithae opera.
Berschin, Walter (ed.). Hrosvit: Opera Omnia. Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana. Munich/Leipzig, 2001. ISBN 3-598-71912-4
Pelagius in Petroff, Elizabeth Alvilda, ed. (1986) Medieval Women's Visionary Literature, pp 114–124. ISBN 0-1950-3712-X
Abraham in Petroff, Elizabeth Alvilda, ed. (1986) Medieval Women's Visionary Literature, pp 124–135. ISBN 0-1950-3712-X
Hrotsvit von Gandersheim, Sämtliche Dichtungen; aus dem Mittellateinischen übertragen von Otto Baumhauer, Jacob Bendixen und Theodor Gottfried Pfund; mit einer Einführung von Berg Nagel. München: Winkler, 1966.
Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim. Munich, 1973. (German translations by H. Hohmeyer)