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Augsburg
Augsburg, Paintings, Drawings, Illustrations
Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town (German: 'Universitätsstadt') and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a population exceeding 264,000 citizens. After Neuss and Trier, Augsburg is Germany's third oldest city.
Augsburg is the only German city with its own legal holiday, the Augsburger Hohes Friedensfest, celebrated on August 8 of every year. This gives Augsburg more legal holidays than any other region or city in Germany.[2]
History
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Main article: History of Augsburg
The city was founded in 15 BC by Drusus and Tiberius as Augusta Vindelicorum, on the orders of their stepfather Emperor Augustus. The name "Augusta Vindelicorum" means "Augusta of the Vindelici". This garrison camp soon became the capital of the Roman province of Raetia.
Early development was due to a 400-year affiliation with the Roman Empire, especially because of its excellent military, economic and geographic position at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach, and with direct access to most important Alpine passes. Thus, Augsburg was the intersection of many important European east-west and north-south connections, which later evolved as major trade routes of the Middle Ages.[3]
Around 120 AD Augsburg became the capital of the Roman province Raetia. Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the 5th century AD, by Charlemagne in the 8th century, and by Welf of Bavaria in the 11th century, but arose each time to greater prosperity.
Historical spellings of the name of the city include "Ausburch" and "Ausbourch."
Augsburg Confession
Augsburg was decreed an Imperial Free City on March 9, 1276. Augsburg also held its own bishop at this time. With a strategic location as intersection of trade routes to Italy, it became a major trading center. Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became the base for the Fugger banking empire, who donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516 and remains in use today.
Perlach market place in 1550.
In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg. Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected, a mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt.
Thirty Years' War
Religious peace in the city was largely maintained despite increasing Confessional tensions until the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution, which restored the legal situation of 1552 which again curtailed the rights of the Protestant citizens. The inequality of the Edict of Restitution was rescinded when in April 1632, the Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus captured Augsburg without resistance.
In 1634, the Swedish army was routed at nearby Nördlingen. By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish garrison refused to surrender and a siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. According to J. N. Hays, "In the period of the Swedish occupation and the Imperial siege the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000, with typhus and plague playing major roles."[4]
Nine Years' War
In 1686, Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg, termed by the English as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689: a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. It was formed to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France in the Nine Years War.
Augsburg's peak boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger and Welser, who held a local near total monopoly on their respective industries. Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons and rapidly became a creative centre for famous painters, sculptors and musicians notably birthplace of : the Holbein painter family, the composer Leopold Mozart and the playwright Berthold Brecht. Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as “Augsburg style” throughout Germany.
Industrial Revolution Revival
A map of Augsburg in 1800.
In 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, Augsburg lost its independence to become part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1817 Augsburg became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis, then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg.
During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the connected machine manufacturing industry.
Military
Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During the German re-armament before the Second World War, the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne ((housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27)); Arras Kaserne ((housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27)) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen.
The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14) was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States.
The three Kaserne changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War.
During World War II, one subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was located outside Augsburg, supplying approximately 1300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, most especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm headquartered in Augsburg.[5][6]
In 1941 Rudolf Hess without Hitler's permission secretly took off from a local airport and flew to Scotland to meet the Duke of Hamilton, and crashed in Eaglesham in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign.
In 1945, the U.S. Army occupied the heavily bombed and damaged city. (see Bombing of Augsburg in World War II). An American military presence in the city started with the 11th Airborne Division, followed by the 24th Infantry Division, U.S. Army Seventh Corps Artillery, 701st Military Intelligence Brigade and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade, which returned the former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and a Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne, but was demolished by the occupying Americans. The former Wehrmacht Kaserne became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese;, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan "united" the former infantry barracks with a smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units.
Politics
Municipality
Main article: List of mayors of Augsburg
From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger, who officiated for several years and was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger.
After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige.
As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister, as Augsburg had reached a population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung.
Town Council
| Election results of the Town Council since 1972 in percent | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | CSU | SPD | FDP | Grüne | ödp | DKP/PDS | REP | NPD | other |
| 1972 | 44,9 | 46,5 | 2,3 | – | – | 0,7 | – | 0,9 | 4,7 |
| 1978 | 46,8 | 44,5 | 2,7 | – | – | 0,4 | – | 0,6 | 4,9 |
| 1984 | 32,9 | 44,9 | 1,3 | 4,2 | – | 0,2 | – | 0,7 | 15,8 |
| 1990 | 43,1 | 28,4 | 2,5 | 10,8 | – | – | 10,0 | – | 5,2 |
| 1996 | 44,1 | 29,4 | 1,7 | 10,5 | – | – | 2,8 | – | 11,5 |
| 2002 | 43,5 | 36,4 | 3,5 | 8,7 | 1,8 | 1,2 | – | – | 4,9 |
| 2008 | 40,1 | 30,1 | 2,7 | 10,3 | 1,5 | 3,5 | – | – | 11,8 |
| Seats 20081 | 25 | 19 | 1 | 6 | – | 22 | – | – | 73 |
1 Local elections on March 2, 2008 22008: Die Linke 3 Pro Augsburg: 6, Freie Wähler: 1
Members of the Bundestag
Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and the District of Augsburg (Landkreis Augsburg).
Christian Ruck of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag with 49.2% of the vote in the 16th German Bundestag.
Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Miriam Gruß for the FDP, Heinz Paula for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.
Main sights
Fünfgratturm tower
Ring of Mercy on the Dom (Cathedral) St. Maria
Town Hall, built in 1620 in Renaissance style with the Der Goldene Saal
Perlachturm, a bell tower built in 989
Fuggerei (see above)
Bishop's Residence, built about 1750 in order to replace the older bishop's palace; today the administrative seat of Swabia
Cathedral, founded in the 9th century
Schaezlerpalais, a Rococo mansion (1765)
St. Ulrich and St. Afra—one church is Roman Catholic, the other Lutheran, the duality being a result of the Peace of Augsburg concluded in 1555 between Catholics and Protestants
Mozart Haus Augsburg (where composer father Leopold Mozart was born and Mozart visited it several times)
Augsburger Puppenkiste, a puppet theatre
Eiskanal, the world's first artificial whitewater course (venue for the whitewater events of the 1972 Munich Olympics)
Dorint Hotel Tower
Childhood home of Bertolt Brecht
The Augsburg Botanical Gardens (Botanischer Garten Augsburg)
Incorporations
| Year | Municipality | Area |
|---|---|---|
| July 1, 1910 | Meringerau | 9.5 km² |
| January 1, 1911 | Pfersee | 3.5 km² |
| January 1, 1911 | Oberhausen | 8.6 km² |
| January 1, 1913 | Lechhausen | 27.9 km² |
| January 1, 1913 | Hochzoll | 4.4 km² |
| April 1, 1916 | Kriegshaber | 59 km² |
| July 1, 1972 | Göggingen | |
| July 1, 1972 | Haunstetten | |
| July 1, 1972 | Inningen |
Historical population development
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1635 | 16,432 |
| 1645 | 19,960 |
| 1806 | 26,200 |
| 1830 | 29,019 |
| December 1, 1871 ¹ | 51,220 |
| December 1, 1890 ¹ | 75,629 |
| December 1, 1900 ¹ | 89,109 |
| December 1, 1910 ¹ | 102,487 |
| June 16, 1925 ¹ | 165,522 |
| June 16, 1933 ¹ | 176,575 |
| May 17, 1939 ¹ | 185,369 |
| September 13, 1950 ¹ | 185,183 |
| June 6, 1961 ¹ | 208,659 |
| May 27, 1970 ¹ | 211,566 |
| June 30, 1975 | 252,000 |
| June 30, 1980 | 246,600 |
| June 30, 1985 | 244,200 |
| May 27, 1987 ¹ | 242,819 |
| June 30, 1997 | 257,300 |
| December 31, 2002 | 259,231 |
| December 31, 2003 | 259,217 |
| December 31, 2004 | 260,407 |
| December 31, 2005 | 263,804 |
| December 31, 2006 | 269,449 |
¹ Census result
Partner cities
United Kingdom Inverness, United Kingdom since 1956
Japan Amagasaki, Japan, since 1959
Japan Nagahama, Japan, since 1959
France Bourges, France, since 1963
United States Dayton, United States, since 1964
Czech Republic Liberec, Czech Republic, since 2001
China Jinan, People's Republic of China, since 2004
Information on the partner cities can also be found at www.augsburg.de
Transport
Roads
The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart.
Public transport
Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrsverbund (Augsburg transport union, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as, several taxi companies.
The tram network is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Rotes Tor, opened in December 2010.[7]
Rail services
The front of the station
Augsburg has seven stations. The Hauptbahnhof (main station) built from 1843 to 1846 is Germany’s oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernized and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich, Berlin, Dortmund, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Stuttgart. As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris. In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam, Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by the creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe.
The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to:
Mammendorf
Schmiechen
Aichach/Radersdorf
Meitingen/Donauwörth
Dinkelscherben
Schwabmünchen
Klosterlechfeld
Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn.
Air transport
Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport has been relocated to Munich Airport. Since then the Airport only serves for General aviation and business aviation.
Economy
Statue of Archangel Michael in Augsburg
KUKA's industrial robots
Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN, EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich, Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs, yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers.
Major companies
Boewe Systec
EADS
EMCON Technologies (former Zeuna-Staerker)
Fujitsu Technology Solutions
KUKA Robotics / Systems
MAN (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg)
manroland
MT-Aerospace
NCR
Osram
Premium AEROTEC
Siemens
UPM-Kymmene (former Haindl)
Verlagsgruppe Weltbild
WashTec (former Kleindienst)
Education
Augsburg is home to the following universities and colleges:
University of Augsburg, founded in 1970[8]
Hochschule Augsburg (University of Applied Sciences, formerly Fachhochschule Augsburg)
Media
The local newspaper is the Augsburger Allgemeine first published in 1807. Besides, there are several local radio stations and a local TV station (a.tv).
Notable citizens
Holbein's house
died 304 Saint Afra
c.890-973 Saint Ulrich
1070-1127 Saint Wolfhard
1442-1528 Erhard Ratdolt Printer, famous for having produced the first known printers type specimen book.
1459–1525 Jakob Fugger Noted banker and financial broker. An area within the city, called the Fuggerei was set aside for the poor and needy. Founded in 1519.
1460–1524 Hans Holbein the Elder, a pioneer in the transformation of German art from the Gothic to the Renaissance style.
1497–1543 Hans Holbein the Younger, portrait and religious painter.
1517–1579 Paulus Hector Mair, martial artist.
1573–1646 Elias Holl, architect
1580–1627 Julius Schiller, lawyer and astronomer.
1704–1767 Johann Jakob Haid, engraver
1719–1787 Leopold Mozart, father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
1740-1786 Christoph Christian Sturm, German preacher and author.
1898–1956 Bertolt Brecht, famous German writer.
1858–1913 Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.
1920-2011 Mietek Pemper, compiled and typed Oskar Schindler's list, which saved 1,200 Jewish prisoners from the Holocaust.[9][10]
1933 Ulrich Biesinger, a former German footballer, part of the team that won the 1954 FIFA World Cup.
1939 Helmut Haller, a footballer who represented West Germany at three World Cups.
1948 Wolf Blitzer, journalist and CNN reporter
1957 Bernhard Langer, famous professional golfer.
1959 Bernd Schuster, a German football coach and former player.
1961 Armin Veh, a German football coach.
1962 Josef Priller, Luftwaffe Ace
1980 Benny Greb, a German solo drum artist.
1983 Philipp Kohlschreiber, a German tennis player.
1985 Bianca Voitek, a German female bodybuilder.
Sports
Impuls Arena
FC Augsburg is a football team based in Augsburg and plays in the SGL arena. FC Augsburg was promoted to Bundesliga in 2011. The new stadium (opened in July 2009) also hosted games of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.
The city is home to a DEL (first-division) ice hockey team, the Augsburger Panther. The original club, AEV, was formed in 1878, the oldest German ice sport club and regularly draws around 4000 spectators, quite reasonable for German ice hockey. Home games are played at the Curt Frenzel Stadion: not truly an indoor rink as the sides are open, though a new stadium is in the process of planning.
For the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, a Lech River dam protective diversionary canal for river ice was converted into the world's first artificial whitewater slalom course: the Eiskanal and remains a world-class venue for whitewater competition and served as prototype for two dozen similar foreign courses.
Local City Nicknames
While commonly coined Fuggerstadt (Fuggers' city) due to the Fuggers residing there, within Swabia it's also often referred to as Datschiburg: which originated sometime in the 19th century refers to Augsburgs favorite sweet: the Datschi made from fruit, preferably prunes, and thin cake dough.[11] The Datschiburger Kickers charity football team (founded in 1965) reflects this in its choice of team name.[12][13] Among the younger people, the city is commonly called "Aux" as an short form.
See also
List of civic divisions of Augsburg
League of Augsburg
Augsburg College, a private Lutheran College in the United States that takes its name from the Augsburg Confession
List of mayors of Augsburg
Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the Diesel engine, who also used biodiesel
Notes
^ "Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes" (in German). Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung. 31 December 2010.
^ http://www2.augsburg.de/
^ http://www2.augsburg.de/index.php?id=12356
^ "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". J. N. Hays (2005). p.98. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
^ Wolfgang Sofsky, William Templer, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp: Princeton University Press: 1999, ISBN 0-691-00685-7: 352 pages: pp 183
^ Edward Victor. Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps. http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List%20of%20camps.htm
^ "Railway Gazette: Urban rail news in brief". Retrieved 2011-01-02.
^ http://www.uni-augsburg.de
^ "Oskar Schindler's collaborator, Mietek Pemper, has died". Agence France-Presse (The Gazette (Montreal)). 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
^ Martin, Douglas (2011-06-18). "Mietek Pemper, 91, Camp Inmate Who Compiled Schindler’s List". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
^ Augsburger Stadtlexikon - Datschiburg (German) accessed: 18 November 2008
^ Datschiburger Kickers website accessed: 18 November 2008
^ Augsburger Stadtlexikon - Datschiburger Kickers (German) accessed: 18 November 2008
References
Die Chroniken der schwäbischen Städte, Augsburg, (Leipzig, 1865–1896).
Werner, Geschichte der Stadt Augsburg, (Augsburg, 1900).
Lewis, "The Roman Antiquities of Augsburg and Ratisbon", in volume xlviii, Archæological Journal, (London, 1891).
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