American Gothic , Grant Wood
1930
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Oil on Beaver Board
Height: 780 mm (30.71 in). Width: 653 mm (25.71 in).
Art Institute of Chicago
Level Second Level
room Gallery 263
Accession number 1930.934
Object history
English: The artist; sold to the Art Institute, November 1930.
Exhibition history
English:
Art Institute of Chicago, The Forty-third Annual Exhibition of American Paintings and Sculpture, October 30-December 14, 1930, cat. 207, ill.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, February 1931.
Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Albright Art Gallery, Twenty-Fifth Annual Exhibition of Selected Paintings by American Artists, April 26-June 22, 1931, cat. 139, ill. p. 26.
San Diego Fine Art Gallery, Show of Contemporary Eastern Painting [probably], c. June 1932, no cat.; traveled to Santa Barbara, Calif., Faulkner Memorial Art Gallery, c. August 1932.
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Paintings and Prints by Chicago Artists, February 28-March 30, 1933, cat. 37, ill. frontispiece.
Art Institute of Chicago, A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, June 1-November 1, 1933, cat. 666, pl. 92.
Washington, DC., Phillips Collection, November 1933-February 1934.
Philadelphia, Pa., Pennsylvania Mus of Art, March 31-April 10, 1934.
Art Institute of Chicago, A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, June 1-November 1, 1934, cat. 716.
Chicago, Lakeside Press Galleries, Loan Exhibition of Drawings and Paintings by Grant Wood, February-March 1935, cat. 33, ill. p. 23.
New York, Ferargil Galleries, An Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings by Grant Wood, March-April 1935, cat. 15.
Kansas City, Mo., William R. Nelson Gallery, October 2-November 8, 1935.
Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, The Centennial Exposition, June 6-November 29, 1936, cat. 15, ill. p. 64.
Chicago, Ill., Chicago Woman's Club, Jan 20, 1937.
Bloomington, Ill., Central Illinois Art Exposition, March 19-April 8, 1939, cat. 106, ill. p. 29.
Iowa City, Fine Arts Festival, Iowa Union Lounge, University of Iowa, Exhibition of Paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin D. Cone, July 16-23, 1939, cat. 23.
Art Institute of Chicago, Half a Century of American Art, November 16, 1939-January 7, 1940, cat. 178, pl. 46.
Bloomfield Hills, Mich., Cranbrook Academy of Art, May 17-June 6, 1940.
Northampton, Mass., Smith College Museum of Art, American Art: Aspects of American Painting, 1900-1940, June 12-22, 1940, cat. 33.
Worcester, Mass., Worcester Art Museum, A Decade of American Painting 1930-1940, February 18-March 22, 1942, ill. p. 23.
Cedar Rapids Art Association, Grant Wood Memorial Exhibition, September 1-October 1, 1942, no cat. See Cedar Rapids Gazette, 9/6/1942.
Art Institute of Chicago, Memorial Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings by Grant Wood, included in the Fifty-third Annual Exhibition of American Paintings and Sculpture, October 29-December 12, 1942, cat. 2, color ill. frontispiece.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, 20th Century Portraits, December 8, 1942-January 24, 1943, p. 145, ill. p. 99.
Baltimore, Md., February 12-March 7, 1943.
Worcester Art Museum, March 17-April 19, 1943.
Boston, The Institute of Modern Art, Ten Americans, October 20-November 21, 1943, cat. 29, ill.
Saginaw, Mich., Saginaw Museum of Art, An Exhibition of American Painting from Colonial Times until Today, January 10-February 15, 1948, cat. 71, pl. 13.
Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, Famous American Paintings, October 9-31, 1948, n.pag., ill.
Boston, Institute of Contemporary Art, Milestones of American Painting in Our Century, c. January 2-c. March 3, 1949, cat. 21.
Montreal, Canada, March 18-April 20, 1949.
Canadian National Exhibition Art Exhibit, August 26-September 10, 1949.
Beloit, Wisc., Beloit College, October 11-November 11, 1949.
Dayton, Ohio, Dayton Art Institute, The Artist and His Family, March 3-April 1950, cat. 40.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Coe College, Centennial Exhibition, May 15-June 9, 1952, cat. 24.
New York, Wildenstein, Landmarks in American Art, 1670-1950, Feb 26-Mar 28, 1953, cat. 50, ill.
Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, 125 Years of American Art, September 15-October 11, 1953, cat. 59, ill. p. 18.
Dubuque, Iowa, Dubuque Art Association, Thirty Years of Grant Wood, Feb 15-Feb 23, 1955, cat. 9.
Des Moines, Iowa, Des Moines Art Center, Communicating Art from Midwest Collections: American and European Paintings and Sculpture, 1835-1955, October 13-November 6, 1955, cat. 20, ill.
Davenport, Iowa, Davenport Municipal Art Gallery, Grant Wood and the American Scene, February 3-24, 1957, cat. 5, ill. p. 5.
Lake Forest, Ill., Durand Art Institute, Lake Forest College, A Century Of American Painting: Masterpieces Loaned by The Art Institute of Chicago, June 10-16, 1957, cat. 24.
Brooklyn, NY, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Face of America: The History of Portraiture in the United States, November 13, 1957-January 26, 1958, cat. 92, fig. 41.
Washington, DC, Corcoran Gallery of Art, The American Muse: Parallel Trends in Literature and Art, April 4-May 17, 1959, cat. 130.
Art Institute of Chicago, Art in Illinois, In Honor of the Illinois Sesquicentennial, June 15-September 8, 1968, p. 10.
Art Institute of Chicago, 100 Artists, 100 Years: Alumni of the SAIC, Centennial Exhibition, November 23, 1979-January 20, 1980, cat. 112, ill. p. 35.
New York, The Whitney Museum of American Art, Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision, June 16-September 4, 1983, cat. 25, pl. 32, traveled to Minneapolis Institute of Arts, September 25, 1983-January 1, 1984, Art Institute of Chicago, January 21-April 15, 1984; San Francisco, M. H. DeYoung Memorial Museum, May 12-August 12, 1984.
Omaha, Neb., Joslyn Art Museum, Grant Wood: An American Master Revealed, December 10, 1995-February 25, 1996, cat. 14, pl. 16, traveled to Davenport, Iowa, Davenport Museum of Art, March 23-September 8, 1996; Worcester, Mass., Worcester Art Museum, October 6-December 31, 1996.
New York, The Whitney Museum of American Art, The American Century: Art and Culture, 1900-1950, April 23-August 22, 1999, cat. 435, color ill. p. 225.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, Grant Wood at 5 Turner Alley, September 10-December 4, 2005.
Inscriptions
English: Signed and dated lower right on overalls: GRANT / WOOD / 1930
American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. Wood's inspiration came from what is now known as the American Gothic House, and his decision to paint the house along with "the kind of people I fancied should live in that house."[1] The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter.[2] The figures were modeled by the artist's sister and their dentist. The woman is dressed in a colonial print apron evoking 19th-century Americana, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor, and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.
It is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art,[1] and has been widely parodied in American popular culture.
Creation
In August 1930, Grant Wood, an American painter with European training, was driven around Eldon, Iowa by a young painter from Eldon, John Sharp, looking for inspiration[who?]. Wood noticed the Dibble House, a small white house built in the Carpenter Gothic architectural style.[3] Sharp's brother suggested in 1973 that it was on this drive that Wood first sketched the house on the back of an envelope. Wood's earliest biographer, Darrell Garwood, noted that Wood "thought it a form of borrowed pretentiousness, a structural absurdity, to put a Gothic-style window in such a flimsy frame house."[4] At the time, Wood classified it as one of the "cardboardy [sic] frame houses on Iowa farms" and considered it "very paintable".[5] After obtaining permission from the Jones family, the house's owners, Wood made a sketch the next day in oil on paperboard from the house's front yard. This sketch displayed a steeper roof and a longer window with a more pronounced ogive than on the actual house, features which eventually adorned the final work.
Wood decided to paint the house along with "the kind of people I fancied should live in that house."[1] He recruited his sister Nan (1899–1990) to model the woman,[6] dressing her in a colonial print apron mimicking 19th-century Americana. The man is modeled on Wood's dentist,[6] Dr. Byron McKeeby (1867–1950) from Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The three-pronged hay fork is echoed in the stitching of the man's overalls, the Gothic window of the house, and the structure of the man's face.[7] However, Wood did not add figures to his sketch until he returned to his studio in Cedar Rapids.[8] He would not return to Eldon again before his death in 1942, although he did request a photograph of the home to complete his painting.[3]
Reception
Grant Wood, Self-portrait, 1932, Figge Art Museum
Wood entered the painting in a competition at the Art Institute of Chicago. The judges deemed it a "comic valentine", but a museum patron persuaded them to award the painting the bronze medal and $300 cash prize. The patron also persuaded the Art Institute to buy the painting, which remains there today.[2] The image soon began to be reproduced in newspapers, first by the Chicago Evening Post and then in New York, Boston, Kansas City, and Indianapolis. However, Wood received a backlash when the image finally appeared in the Cedar Rapids Gazette. Iowans were furious at their depiction as "pinched, grim-faced, puritanical Bible-thumpers".[9] Wood protested that he had not painted a caricature of Iowans but a depiction of his appreciation, stating "I had to go to France to appreciate Iowa."[6] Nan, apparently embarrassed at being depicted as the wife of someone twice her age, began telling people that the painting was of a man and his daughter,[1] which Grant seems to confirm in his letter to a Mrs. Nellie Sudduth in 1941.[10]
Art critics who had favorable opinions about the painting, such as Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, also assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend toward increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis's 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's 1924 The Tattooed Countess in literature.[1]
Yet another interpretation sees it as an "old-fashioned mourning portrait... Tellingly, the curtains hanging in the windows of the house, both upstairs and down, are pulled closed in the middle of the day, a mourning custom in Victorian America. The woman wears a black dress beneath her apron, and glances away as if holding back tears. One imagines she is grieving for the man beside her..." Wood had been only 10 when his father had died and later had lived for a decade "above a garage reserved for hearses", so death was on his mind.[11]
However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit. Wood assisted this transition by renouncing his Bohemian youth in Paris and grouping himself with populist Midwestern painters, such as John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton, who revolted against the dominance of East Coast art circles. Wood was quoted in this period as stating, "All the good ideas I've ever had came to me while I was milking a cow."[1]
Parodies
Man holding up a broom and mop with an American flag hanging in the background, in imitation of the original American gothic.
American Gothic, Washington, D.C. (1942) by Gordon Parks was the first prominent parody of the painting.
visitor's wearing period-style clothing, and with props such as a pitchfork and glasses
Visitors dressing up and taking their photograph outside the house.
The Depression-era understanding of the painting as a depiction of an authentically American scene prompted the first well-known parody, a 1942 photo by Gordon Parks of cleaning woman Ella Watson, shot in Washington, D.C.[1]
American Gothic is one of the few paintings to achieve iconic cultural status, along with Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch's The Scream.[1] It is thus one of the most reproduced – and parodied – images ever made. Many artists have replaced the two people with other known couples and replaced the house with well-known houses.
References and parodies of the image have been numerous for generations, appearing regularly in such media as postcards, magazines, animated cartoons, advertisements, comic books, album covers, television shows and other artists. The opening credits of the 1965 television show Green Acres had the main couple in an American Gothic-style pose; cinematic posters of the films For Richer or Poorer, Son In Law, American Gothic, and Good Fences parody the painting. It is also a key motif in Anthony Weigh's play 2,000 Feet Away, which opens with a scene featuring the painting at the Art Institute. The painting was also parodied in a classic commercial for "New Country Corn Flakes", a General Mills product.[12]
A sculpture entitled "God Bless America" by sculptor John Seward Johnson II that features the American Gothic couple went on display in Chicago, Illinois, just south of the Tribune Tower on the Magnificent Mile of Michigan Avenue, in December 2008 but has been removed as of February 26, 2010. The sculpture was displayed in Dubuque, Iowa at the Figge Art Museum and is now on the campus of Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa until at least December 31, 2013.[13] Postcards mimicking the couple with sitting US Presidents, Presidential nominees, and their spouses are popular commercial products. Ohio State Buckeyes football games feature the painting on their scoreboard; within a few seconds of its display, the man's eyes bug out and his tongue wags.
A 1963 Saturday Evening Post cover featured the cast of The Beverly Hillbillies in a parody of American Gothic with Irene Ryan and Buddy Ebsen posing like the 2 people in the painting flanked by Max Baer and Donna Douglas at their sides.
David Ackles borrowed the title for his 1973 American Gothic album, as did The Smashing Pumpkins for their 2008 EP American Gothic and a 1995 television horror series created by Shaun Cassidy. Elton John and RuPaul portray the couple on the video for a rerecording of "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" released in 1994. Astrovamps parodied the painting on the cover of their album, American Gothik. The Ma and Pa couple at the beginning of the Doctor Who episode "Gridlock" are fashioned in the style of the couple in the painting. The American Gothic couple have even been reinterpreted as Living Dead Dolls twice, in 2004 and 2009.[14]
In the opening scene of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Richard O'Brien and Patricia Quinn appear as a farmer and his wife in parody of American Gothic. They are joined by a daughter dressed in the same fashion. The painting is also seen on the wall in the castle during the song "Time Warp" as well as it is seen in the sequel Shock Treatment
In the episode of The Simpsons, Bart Gets an Elephant, the Simpsons are revealed to evidently have the original American Gothic painting hanging on their living room wall. Bart unwittingly scrubs it while cleaning the house, and rubs off all the paint. Underneath, it reads "If you can read this, you scrubbed too hard. Signed, Grant Wood."
In the scene where Mulan's ancestors awaken Mushu in Mulan, two of the ancestors appear as a parody of the farmer and his daughter, representing traditional values.
The painting and its process of creation was parodied in a Saturday Night Live episode, which aired November 10, 2012, with host Anne Hathaway as Nan Wood Graham, Jason Sudeikis as Dr. Byron McKeeby, Tarran Killam as Grant Wood, and Kenan Thompson as a tour guide at The Art Institute of Chicago.[15]
See also
Protestant work ethic
References
Fineman, Mia, The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates., Slate, 8 June 2005
"About This Artwork: American Gothic". The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
"American Gothic House Center". Wapello County Conservation Board. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Garwood, p. 119
Qtd. in Hoving, p. 36
Semuels, Alana (April 30, 2012). "At Home in a Piece of History". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
"Grant Wood's American Gothic". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Qtd. in Biel, p. 22
Andréa Fernandes. "mental_floss Blog » Iconic America: Grant Wood". Mentalfloss.com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
"Grant Wood's Letter Describing American Gothic". Campsilos.org. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Deborah Solomon (October 28, 2010). "Gothic American". The New York Times.
"New Country Corn Flakes TV Commercial". LikeTelevision. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
"Public Art in Chicago: God Bless America". Chicago-outdoor-sculptures.blogspot.com. 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Cochran, Jay; Living Dead Dolls Presents American Gothic Return To Spencers!, 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
Saturday Night Live Video, American Gothic, NBC Retrieved 2012-11-18
Works
Steven Biel (2005). American Gothic: A Life of America's Most Famous Painting. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05912-X.
Garwood, Darrell (1944). Artist in Iowa: A Life of Grant Wood. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. OCLC 518305.
Hoving, Thomas (2005). American Gothic: The Biography of Grant Wood's American Masterpiece. New York: Chamberlain Bros. ISBN 1-59609-148-7.
External links
External video 2007-06-04-Gothic House.jpg
Smarthistory - Grant Wood's American Gothic
American Gothic House
Grant Wood and Frank Lloyd Wright Compared
About the painting, on the Art Institute's site
Slate article about American Gothic
American Gothic: A Life of America's Most Famous Painting
Television Commercials (1950s-1960s) contains General Mills New Country Corn Flakes commercial
American Gothic sculpture removed from Michigan Avenue
American Gothic Parodies collection
November 18, 2002, National Public Radio “Morning Edition” report about “American Gothic” by Melissa Gray that includes an interview with Art Institute of Chicago curator Daniel Schulman.
June 6, 1991, National Public Radio “Morning Edition” report on Iowa's celebration of the centennial of Grant Wood's birth by Robin Feinsmith. Several portions of the report focus on “American Gothic”.
February 13, 1976, National Public Radio “All Things Considered” Cary Frumpkin interview with James Dennis, author of Grant Wood: A Study in American Art and Culture. The interview contains a discussion about "American Gothic".
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