Madonna of the Rocks. Leonardo da Vinci
1503-1506, oil on wood, 189.5 x 120 cm
London, National Gallery
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Madonna in der Felsengrotte. Leonardo da Vinci
1503–1506, Öl auf Holz, 189,5 × 120 cm
London, National Gallery
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See also : Virgin and Child, Paintings, Drawings
See also : Jesus of Nazareth , Christ, Paintings, Drawings
See also : Bible, Paintings, Drawings
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The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the name used for two paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, of the same subject, and of a composition which is identical except for several significant details. The version generally considered the prime version, that is the earlier of the two, hangs in The Louvre in Paris and the other in the National Gallery, London. The paintings are both nearly 2 metres (over 6 feet) high and are painted in oils. Both were painted on wooden panel; that in the Louvre has been transferred to canvas.[1]
Both paintings show the Madonna and Child Jesus with the infant John the Baptist and an angel, in a rocky setting which gives the paintings their usual name. The significant compositional differences are in the gaze and right hand of the angel. There are many minor ways in which the works differ, including the colours, the lighting, the flora, and the way in which sfumato has been used. Although the date of an associated commission is documented, the complete histories of the two paintings are unknown, and lead to speculation about which of the two is earlier.
Two further paintings are associated with the commission: side panels each containing an angel playing a musical instrument and completed by associates of Leonardo. These are both in the National Gallery, London.
The paintings
Louvre version
The Virgin of the Rocks which usually hangs in the Louvre is considered by most art historians to be the earlier of the two and date from around 1483-1486. Most authorities agree that the work is entirely by Leonardo.[2] It is about 8 cm (3 in) taller than the London version. The first certain record of this picture is in 1625, when it was in the French royal collection. It is generally accepted that this painting was produced to fulfill a commission of 1483 in Milan. It is hypothesised that this painting was privately sold by Leonardo and that the London version was painted at a later date to fill the commission.[2] There are a number of other theories to explain the existence of two paintings.[3][4] This painting is regarded as a perfect example of Leonardo's "sfumato" technique.
London version
A very similar painting in the National Gallery, London, is also ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci, and ascribed a date before 1508.[5] Originally thought to have been partially painted by Leonardo's assistants, study of the painting during the recent restoration have led the conservators to conclude that the greater part of the work is by the hand of Leonardo.[6] It was painted for the chapel of the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, in the church of San Francesco Maggiore in Milan. It was sold by the church, very likely in 1781, and certainly by 1785, when it was bought by Gavin Hamilton, who took it to England. After passing through various collections, it was bought by the National Gallery in 1880.[2]
Angels
Two paintings of angels playing musical instruments are believed to have been part of the composition that was set into the altarpiece. These two pictures, now in the National Gallery, London, are thought to have been completed between 1490 and 1495. One, an angel in red, is thought to be the work of Ambrogio de Predis while the angel in green is thought to be the work of a different assistant of Leonardo, perhaps Francesco Napoletano.[7]
History
Chapel of the Immaculate Conception
The Chapel of the Immaculate Conception was founded prior to 1335 by Beatrice d'Este, wife of Galeazzo I, Duke of Milan. The Chapel was attached to the church of S. Francesco Grande, Milan.[8]
In 1479 the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception contracted Francesco Zavattari and Giorgio della Chiesa to decorate the vault of the chapel.[8] In 1480 the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception contracted Giacomo del Maino to create a large wooden altarpiece with spaces for paintings and with carvings and decoration, to be placed above the altar of the chapel. Final payment was to be made on August 7, 1482.[8]
Commission for the painting
In 1483, April 25, Prior Bartolomeo Scorlione and the Confraternity contracted Leonardo da Vinci, and the brothers Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis to provide the painted panels for the altarpiece.[8] The contract was not explicit about what each artist was to do. Leonardo was referred to in the contract as "Master". Ambrogio de Predis was also a painter.[8] It is presumed that Evangelista de Predis was a gilder and assisted in preparing the colours.
The details of the painting, colouring and gilding are set out in the contract.[9] The central panel was to be a painting showing the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, with two prophets, probably David and Isaiah, surrounded by angels. Above them was to be a lunette containing a relief panel of God the Father and the Virgin Mary, beneath which was a panel showing the crib. The relief figures were to be brightly painted and gilded. To either side of the central painting were to be painted panels showing four angelic musicians on one side and four singing angels on the other. A number of sculptured relief panels were to depict the life of the Virgin Mary. Details of the colours and the gilding of the major parts were specified in the contract.[9]
The due date of installation was December 8, 1483, the Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, the same year, giving seven months for its completion.[8]
Angel by an unknown painter, perhaps Bernardino Luini or Francesco Napoletano
Angel probably by Ambrogio de Predis.
Payment
On May 1, 1483 there was an initial payment of 100 Lire. This was followed by payments of 40 Lire per month from July 1483 until February 1485 totalling 800 Lire.[8] A final payment was to be negotiated upon completion and delivery of the work in December 1483.[8]
Between 1490-95, Ambrogio and Leonardo wrote to the Confraternity stating that the centrepiece had cost the whole 800 Lire and they ask for a further 1,200 Lire, according to the contract. The Confraternity offered them only 100 Lire as a result of the petition.[8] Leonardo and Ambrogio then requested Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, to intervene on their behalf. It was suggested that the altarpiece should be assessed by experts and evaluated, for the final payment. The artists also suggested that if an agreement over price could not be met, then they should remove the artwork.[8]
In 1503 Ambrogio again appealed for payment, on his own behalf and that of the heirs of his now deceased brother, Evangelista.[8] On March 9, 1503, Louis XII of France, who had invaded Lombardy in 1499, wrote to the commander of Milan requesting that he intervene on behalf of the artists.[8] On June 23, 1503, the Confraternity set out a deed contesting De Predis' request for evaluation or return of the painting.[8] On April 27, 1506 an evaluation was made. It was judged that the work was still incomplete. Leonardo was requested to finish it, but he was still absent from Milan.[8]
On August 18, 1508, the painting was delivered and put into place.[8] On August 7, 1507, and October 23, 1508, Ambrogio received two payments totalling 200 Lire. The receipt of this payment is acknowledged in correspondence by Leonardo.[8]
1524-2011
National Gallery painting
In 1524 and 1576 “the Virgin of the Rocks” in the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, presumably the London version, was invoked against the plague.[10] In 1576, the altarpiece was removed from the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception at the Church of S. Francesco Grande, Milan and the chapel was demolished.[8] In mid-1785, Gavin Hamilton, a painter and dealer, purchased the National Gallery “Virgin of the Rocks” from Count Cicogna, administrator of the religious body which succeeded the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. Hamilton’s heirs sold the painting to Lord Lansdowne.[8] In 1880, the painting was sold by the Earl of Suffolk to the National Gallery for 9,000 guineas. It was reported at that time to be in a poor state and was attributed by some critics to Leonardo and by others to Bernardino Luini.[8]
In June 2005, the painting was examined by infra-red reflectogram. This imaging revealed a draft of a different painting beneath the visible one. The draft portrays a woman, probably kneeling, with her right hand outstretched and her left on her heart.[11][12] Some researchers believe that the artist’s original intention was to paint an adoration of the infant Jesus.[13] Many other pentimenti are visible under x-ray or infra-red examination.[11]
In 2009/2010 the painting underwent cleaning and conservation work,[6] returning to display in July 2010. The National Gallery, in a preliminary announcement of the results of the work, said that it revealed that the painting was largely, possibly entirely, by Leonardo, and unfinished in parts. The full publication of the findings was released later in 2010.[14]
Louvre painting
In 1625 “the Virgin of the Rocks” now in the Louvre was seen at Fontainebleau by Cassiano dal Pozzo. In 1806, the French restorer, Fr Hacquin transferred the Louvre “Virgin of the Rocks” from its panel onto canvas.[8] For a brief time in 2011–12 it was hung together with the London painting as part of an exhibition in the National Gallery on Leonardo’s activity as painter to the court of Ludovico Sforza.[15]
Side panels
The two panels from the completed altarpiece containing figures of angels playing musical instruments were acquired by the National Gallery, London in 1898.[7]
Subject matter
Detail of Christ Child and angel, Louvre
The Immaculate Conception
The subject of the commissioned altarpiece was apparently to be closely related to the Immaculate Conception.[9] This theme has two distinct interpretations. Firstly, it had always been held by the Christian Church that Jesus was the immaculately conceived Son of God, whose mother was a virgin. During the 15th century there was an increasing movement, particularly by the Franciscan Order, to have the conception of Mary also acknowledged as “immaculate”. The implication here was not that she was the product of a virgin birth, but that God, at her conception, granted her freedom from the stain of Original Sin i.e. the sin of Adam and Eve that was inherent in their mortal descendants.[16]
The inherently sinless nature of the Virgin Mary was then conferred to her son, who was conceived without the blight of Original Sin, and of a virgin mother, to be the Immaculate Conception of God. The conception of the Virgin Mary was celebrated on December 8, and this was the day by which the finished altarpiece was to be installed.[17] In 1483, the year of the commission, Pope Sixtus VI threatened with excommunication all those who did not accept the dogma of Mary’s immaculate conception.[17]
Subject
The subject of the two paintings is the adoration of the Christ Child by the infant John the Baptist. This subject relates to a non-Biblical event which became part of the medieval tradition of the Holy Family’s journey into Egypt. The Gospel of Matthew relates that Joseph the husband of Mary was warned in a dream that King Herod would attempt to kill the child Jesus, and that he was to take the child and his mother and flee to safety.[18] There are a series of non-Biblical narratives that relate to the journey to Egypt. One of these concerns Jesus’ cousin, John the Baptist, whose family, like that of Jesus, resided in the town of Bethlehem where the Massacre of the Innocents was to take place. According to legend, John was escorted to Egypt by the Archangel Uriel, and met the Holy Family on the road.[19] The Louvre website refers to the angel in the painting as "Gabriel". The accords with the Apocryphal gospel of John the Baptist, which describes his removal from Bethlehem as by Gabriel rather than Uriel and does not mention the meeting on the road to Egypt.[1]
The subject of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child being adored by John the Baptist was common in the art of Renaissance Florence. John the Baptist is the patron saint of Florence and has often been depicted in the art of that city.[20] Those who painted and sculpted the subject of the Virgin and Child with St John include Fra Filippo Lippi, Raphael, and Michelangelo.[21][22][23]
In both paintings the scene is depicted taking place against a background of rock formations. While scenes of the Nativity were sometimes depicted as taking place in a cave, and Kenneth Clark points to the existence of an earlier rocky landscape in an adoration painted for the Medici family by Fra Filippo Lippi[24] the setting was unprecedented[1] and gave to the paintings their usual name of the Virgin of the Rocks.
Description
Composition
The two paintings of the ‘’Virgin of the Rocks’’, that now belonging to the National Gallery, London, and that belonging to the Louvre Museum, Paris, are the same in subject matter and in overall composition, indicating that one is derivative of the other. The two paintings differ in compositional details, in colour, in lighting and in the handling of the paint.
Both paintings show a grouping of four figures, the Virgin Mary, the Christ Child, the infant John the Baptist and an angel arranged into a triangular composition within the painting and set against a background of rocks, and a distant landscape of mountains and water. In both paintings the Virgin Mary makes the apex of the pyramidal figure group, stretching one hand to include John the Baptist and raising the other above the head of the Christ Child in a blessing. John the Baptist kneels, gazing towards the Christ Child with his hands together in an attitude of prayer. The Christ Child sit towards the front of the painting, supported by the angel, and raising his right hand in a sign of Benediction towards the kneeling John.
Differences
Compositionally, all the figures are slightly larger in the London painting than in the Louvre painting.[3] The main compositional difference between the two paintings is that while in the London painting, the angel’s right hand rests on his/her knee, in the Louvre painting the hand is raised, the index finger pointing at John the Baptist. The eyes of the angel are turned down in a contemplative manner in the London painting, but in the Louvre picture are turned to gaze in the general direction of the viewer.[25]
In the London painting, all the forms are more defined, including the bodily forms of the clothed figures.[3] The rocks are painted in meticulous detail, while the forms of the background in the painting in the Louvre are all more hazy.[3] The contrast between light and shade on the figures and faces in the London painting are all much sharper.[25] The faces and forms in the Louvre painting are more delicately painted and subtly blurred by ‘’sfumato’’. The lighting in the Louvre painting is softer and appears warmer, but this may be the result of the tone of the varnish on the surface. Another difference is in the colouring of the robes, particularly those of the angel. The London painting contains no red, while in the Louvre painting, the angel is robed in bright red and green, with the robes arranged differently from those of the angel in London.[3] The London version contains traditional attributes missing from the Louvre version, the haloes and John's traditional cruciform reed staff. Davies says it is "not certain" if these details which are painted in gold are contemporary with the painting or have been added by a later artist.[2] The details of the flowers are also quite different in the two paintings, with those in the Louvre painting being botanically accurate, and those in the London painting being fanciful creations.[26]
Angel musicians
Detail of green angel
The two paintings of angels that are associated with the Virgin of the Rocks and are in the National Gallery do not properly fulfil the original commission for two panels each showing four angels, singing on one side and playing musical instruments on the other. There are only two musicians, both turned the same direction and both playing musical instruments. One, in green, plays a vielle, and the other, in red, plays a lute. The positions of the feet and the drapery are similar, indicating that the same design has in part been utilised for both. The angel in red is thought to be the work of Ambrogio de Predis.[27] The angel in green is the work of an unknown associate of Leonardo. The National Gallery suggests that it might be the work of Francesco Napoletano.[27]
In both cases the angel is standing in a grey painted niche. A reflectogram of the Angel in green with a Vielle revealed part of a painted landscape.[27] The background of the Angel in red with a Lute could not be determined because the grey paint on that painting is thick and opaque. While it is commonly thought that the two angel panels were originally placed on either side of the central panel, an article published by the National Gallery suggests that they were placed higher up on the altarpiece.[27]
Interpretation
Detail, London
The relationship between the two paintings “remains much debated”.[28] Matters of debate include the dates of the two paintings, their authorship and the nature of their symbolism. For a few months in 2011/2012 the two paintings were brought together, possibly for the first time ever, in the same room in an exhibition at the National Gallery, which may clarify some issues for scholars.[15]
Dates
It is generally accepted by art historians that the Louvre version is the earlier work. Martin Davies, former director of the National Gallery, described the painting in the Louvre as being stylistically close to Leonardo's earlier works and the London painting more suggestive of his maturer style, and therefore that later of the two, and derivative of the Louvre painting.[2] Most authors agree that the Louvre painting was the one that was painted to fulfil the commission of 1483.[29]
Some writers, including Martin Davies, feel that 1483 is too late a date for the Louvre version, and suggest that the painting had already been begun and perhaps completed in Florence before the commission. Wasserman, Ottino della Chiesa and others have pointed out that the measurements of both paintings are compatible with the altarpiece, and that it is an unlikely coincidence that Leonardo painted a picture that fitted the dimensions, at a time prior to the commission.[3] Wasserman suggests that perhaps the Louvre painting was extended to fit the arched shape, and that the joint is no longer visible since the painting was transferred to canvas in the 19th century.[30] Davies suggests that Leonardo painted the second version in the 1480s to fulfil the commission, and based it on the earlier work.[2] Kenneth Clark agrees with this interpretation, placing the Louvre painting prior to 1481 and the London painting from 1483.[31]
The theory that is most commonly used to explain the existence of the two paintings is that Leonardo painted the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks to fulfil the commission, giving it a date of 1483, and that he then sold it to another client, and painted the London version as a replacement. In line with this theory, it is hypothesised that the Louvre painting was not sold until the later 1480s, after some haggling over the final payment. The London painting was commenced in perhaps 1486 as a substitution for the "original" Louvre version, and was not ready for installation until 1508, after prolonged disagreement and negotiation. This explanation, which della Chiesa attributes to Venturi and Poggi,[32] has gained very wide acceptance, and is the version of events described on both the National Gallery and the Louvre websites.[1][33][34] Martin Kemp dates the Louvre painting to 1483-1490 and the London painting to 1495-1508.[5]
Not all authors are in agreement with either the dating or the theory that the Louvre painting was the earlier, was sold, and the London painting done as a substitute. According to Taylor, the London painting is stylistically the earlier of the two, being more meticulous, in keeping with the product of Leonardo's Florentine training, while the Louvre painting has more in common with the Last Supper and the Virgin and Child with St Anne, including the delicate use of sfumato.[4] Taylor argues that the London painting fulfils the requirements of the commission of 1483 in terms of iconography, and that the iconography of the Louvre painting indicates that it was painted for an entirely different clientele, and gives it a date in the 1490s.[35]
Authorship
Bernardino Luini, The Holy Family with St. John. Museo del Prado, Madrid
It has always been agreed that the Louvre Virgin of the Rocks is entirely by the hand of Leonardo da Vinci. The Virgin of the Rocks in London has generally been seen as having been designed by Leonardo and executed with the assistants.[33] The Louvre website and various authors suggest that the entire painting is by Ambrogio de' Predis, painted under Leonardo's supervision between 1485-1508, or perhaps largely the work of de Predis, with minor intervention by Leonardo.[1][36]
Since the recent cleaning, the National Gallery's curator Luke Syson has stated that the quality which has been revealed indicates that the work is mostly by the hand of Leonardo, and that participation of members of Leonardo's workshop was almost certainly less than previously thought.[6]
The geologist Ann C. Pizzorusso argues that there are geological inaccuracies in the London version, unlike the Louvre version, which mean it is unlikely to have come from Leonardo's hand.[37] Taylor refutes this, drawing attention to the fact that at the time of writing, Pizzorusso had plainly not seen the glacial lakes to which she referred, and had mistaken clumps of moss for sandstone boulders.[38]
Derivations
In her 1967 book (published in English in 1985) Angela Ottino della Chiesa cites four paintings derived to some degree from The Virgin of the Rocks: the Holy Family and St. John by Bernardino Luini in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, the Thuelin Madonna by Marco d'Oggiono in the Thuelin collection in Paris and the Holy Infants Embracing by Joos van Cleve in the Capodimonte Museum in Naples. This image was much copied by Flemish artists such as Joos van Cleve and Quentin Matsys - there is a small painting in Chatsworth by the latter. There is also a smaller copy of "The Virgin of the Rocks" (oil on wood) possibly by Joos van Cleve or his circle (private collection Berlin)
References
^ to: a b c d e "Virgin of the Rocks". Louvre.fr. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ to: a b c d e f Martin Davies, Catalogue of the Earlier Italian Schools
^ to: a b c d e f Angela Ottino della Chiesa, p. 94
^ to: a b Tamsyn Taylor, Leonardo da Vinci and the "Virgin of the Rocks" and Comparison of style
^ to: a b Kemp, pp. 250-251
^ to: a b c "The Virgin of the Rocks: Da Vinci decoded", Jonathan Jones, The Guardian, 13 July 2010
^ to: a b "S. Franceso Altarpiece". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Angela Ottino della Chiesa, ‘’The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci’’ pp. 93-95
^ to: a b c Angela Ottino della Chiesa, p. 93
^ Wasserman, p 110
^ to: a b "The Hidden Leonardo". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ White, Susan D. (2006). Draw Like Da Vinci. London: Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 1-84403-444-5. p. 137.
^ "New Leonardo picture discovered". BBC News. July 1, 2005.
^ "''Leonardo’s ‘Virgin of the Rocks’ back on display''". Nationalgallery.org.uk. 2011-11-09. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ to: a b "''Leonardo’s ‘Virgin of the Rocks’ paintings united''". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ Catholic Encyclopedia online, Immaculate Conception, accessed 2011-12-10
^ to: a b "Immaculate Conception". Catholicism.about.com. 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ The Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 2, verses 13-15
^ "Uriel". Websters-online-dictionary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
^ Paoletti and Radke, p. 79
^ Paoletti and Radke, p. 261
^ David Thompson, Raphael, the Life and Legacy, BBC, (1983), ISBN 0-563-20149-5
^ Ludwig Goldscheider, Michelangelo: Paintings, Sculptures, Architecture, Phaidon, (!964)
^ Clark, p. 51
^ to: a b Jack Wasserman, pp. 108-118
^ Luke Syson interviewed by Alistair Sooke, The Virgin of the Rocks compared, accessed 2011-12-12
^ to: a b c d Billinge, Syson and Spring, Altered Angels accessed 2012-02-06
^ Paoletti and Radke, p. 362
^ Kemp, Zöllner and others
^ Wasserman, p. 108
^ Clark, pp. 49-53
^ Angela Ottino della Chiesa, p.95
^ to: a b National Gallery, Virgin of the Rocks
^ Zöllner F, Leonardo da Vinci, Taschen, (2003) p.223
^ Tamsyn Taylor, Summary of the case
^ Wasserman, p. 114; Marco Rosci, p.55
^ Pizzorusso, Ann. Leonardo's Geology: The Authenticity of the "Virgin of the Rocks, pp. 197-200
^ T. Taylor, Leonardo and the "Virgin of the Rocks", The Geology
Bibliography
Louvre Official Website, Virgin of the Rocks, accessed 2011-12-11
National Gallery, London Website, Virgin of the Rocks, accessed 2012-02-06
Daniel Arasse (1997). Leonardo da Vinci. Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-198-7.
Luciano Berti (1971). The Uffizi. Scala.
Rachel Billinge, Luke Syson and Marika Spring, Altered Angels: Two Panels from the Immaculate Conception Altarpiece once in San Francesco Grande, Milan, accessed 2012-01-05
Angela Ottino della Chiesa (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art series. ISBN 0-14-008649-8.
Martin Davies (1961). Catalogue of the Earlier Italian Schools. National Gallery Catalogues, London. ISBN 0-901791-29-6.
Frederich Hartt (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23136-2.
Martin Kemp (2004). Leonardo. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280644-0.
Pizzorusso, Ann, Leonardo's Geology: The Authenticity of the "Virgin of the Rocks, Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1996), pp. 197-200, The MIT Press, JSTOR
A.E. Popham (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-60462-7.
Marco Rosci (1977). Leonardo. Bay Books Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-85835-176-5.
Tamsyn Taylor, (2011) Leonardo da Vinci and the "Virgin of the Rocks", accessed 2012-02-06
Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1.
Frank Zollner (2003). Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-1734-1 (hardback) Check |isbn= value (help). [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan].
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