Maxime Pierre Dethomas (October 13, 1867 - January 21, 1929) was a French painter, draughtsman, pastellist, lithographer, illustrator, and was "among the best known metteurs en scene and decorators" of theatres.[1] As an artist, Dethomas was highly regarded by his contemporaries and exhibited widely, both within France and abroad. During the later part of his career, he is best remembered for his work overseeing set and costume design for the Théâtre National de l'Opéra and the Théâtre des Arts, Comédie-Française. The Musée d'Orsay (Paris), the Pushkin Museum (Moscow) and the Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg) hold works by Dethomas, but the majority of his best work remain in the private collections of his descendants. A large collection of Dethomas's theatrically related work is held at the Bibliothèque-Musée de l'Opéra National de Paris. Dethomas is also remembered for his close friendship with the artists Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, his brother in-law Ignacio Zuloaga and his association with Les Nabis and other important Symbolist and Post Impressionist artists and writers. Dethomas died in 1929 and was buried at the Passy Cemetery in Paris.[2]
Life
Born in Garges-lès-Gonesse, Val-d'Oise, Maxime Dethomas came from a long line of painter-printers on one side of his family and of lawyers on the other. His father, Jean-Albert Dethomas (1842–1891), was an important Parisian politician. His step mother Louise Thierree (Jean-Albert married twice – Maxime was of the first marriage) belonged to the affluent middle-class of Bordeaux.[3]
Dethomas enrolled at the École des Arts Décoratifs in 1887 at which he studied for a brief time, followed by a more varied course, from 1891 onwards, at the Académie de La Palette (104 Boulevard de Clichy in Montmartre) directed by Henri Gervex, Puvis de Chavannes and Eugène Carrière.[4] Carrière's influence played a significant part in the early development of Dethomas's art, and he would go on to be a close friend of both the artist and his family. Dethomas passed much of his time at the bookshop of the Revue Indépendante (Independent Review) run by Edouard Dujardin, and it was here that Dethomas first met Louis Anquetin and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. Dethomas worked primarily as an artist from the early 1890s until his appointment in 1910 as the director of design at the Théâtre des Arts.
Art
Dethomas's early style owes most to the influence of Carrière and Degas, whilst later works tend more towards that of Toulouse-Lautrec, Legrand and Forain.[5] Dethomas himself claimed that his inspiration was guided by artists of earlier generations, particularly Goya, Delacroix and Manet, but his individuality of style ensured he would "not be influenced in his work by any methods or thoughts other than his own".[4] He realised vigorous charcoal drawings showing views of Paris and Italy, as well as portraits of his friends Edmond Rostand, Catulle Mendès, Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de Régnier (whose Esquisse Vénitiennes he illustrated), Forain, etc. Dethomas was a prolific lithographer, and through his close connections in literary circles, many of his lithographs were published in print. He illustrated works by Maurice Donnay, Octave Mirbeau and, in 1922, Molière's theatre. In a letter of introduction for Dethomas, written by Lautrec in the summer of 1895 to Joseph Ricci, Lautrec refers to Dethomas as his dear friend and compliments him as a painter "who doesn’t talk about his paintings, something that is be admired". Dethomas produced advertising posters as early as 1897, which, as with his contemporaries, contributed to his fame.[6] Dethomas marketed his art via the Durand-Ruel Galleries and Galerie Druet and is known to have had his works framed by the frame-maker and art dealer Pierre Cluzel (1850–1894), and his successor L. Vivien, at Cluzel's workshop (33 Rue Fontaine, Montparnese). In 1912 Dethomas was awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.
Theatre
Dethomas worked under Jacques Rouché during his tenure at the Théâtre des Arts (1910–1913). Upon assuming management of the theater, Rouche enlisted the talents of several artists of Les Nabis group who had contributed to his magazine, La Grande Revue, including Jacques Dresa, René Piot and Maxime Dethomas, none of which had previously worked for the stage.[7] As chief set designer or director of the Services Plastiques, Dethomas embarked on a career that would last for the remainder of his life. The Theatre des Arts represented a major shift away from facile acting, shallow content and the painted-canvas drawing rooms of commercial theatre, that were the norm in early 20th century European theatre. The inaugural production, Carnaval des Enfents (1910), marked a major theatrical revolution by which Dethomas's settings accentuated line and colour, rather than painted detail and endless props. Against blue, ochre, grey and steel, black costumed characters created striking pictorial compositions in lighting effects that "varied like inflections in a conversation." The Theatre de Arts went on to present nearly twenty plays, including Jacques Copeau's adaptation of Brothers Karamazov (1911), and the production of La Tragedie de Salome (1912), both a popular and critical success (Garafola. 154). Due to the small size of the theatre, it eventually ran into financial trouble and closed. Hired to direct and design at the Paris Opera (1914–1936), Rouche and Dethomas went on to offer fresh interpretation of old material and to make inroads into stale scenic convention (Londre 498). By 1917 Dethomas was also designing sets for the Comédie Française (Carson, 79). Dethomas's reputation was such, that in early 1912, he was commissioned by the British Aristocracy to design a set for a London masked ball with some 2000 guests.[8] Guillaume Apollinaire felt that Dethomas's influence on French Theatre had "transformed the art of scenery, costume design and staging .[9] In 1926 the Opéra-Comique in Paris celebrated Manuel de Falla's 50th birthday with a program consisting of La Vida Breve, El Amor Brujo, and Master Peter's Puppet Show, with new designs by Falla's close friend Ignacio Zuloaga, and new marionettes carved by Dethomas.[10] Dethomas once wrote that above all else decor should be a good servant of the play and that a designer must get beyond a painterly "feel" to something more solid.[11]
Associations and friendships
Lautrec nicknamed him "Grosnabre" for his dead-pan face; Thadee Natanson described him as a gentle giant, polished and discreet – "He was so frightened of wearing anything that might draw attention to himself that even the black of his clothes seemded duller than that worn by others." Paul Leclercq states that what fascinated Lautrec about Dethomas was "his ability to preserve an impassive appearance even in a place of amusement ".[12] Lautrec and Dethomas formed a close friendship during the early 1890s – so much so that Dethomas became Lautrec's "closest friend".[13] Dethomas' placidity, corpulence and extreme shyness (he always blushed when he had to raise his voice) endeared him to Lautrec.[14] Two know portraits of Dethomas (by Lautrec 1896 and Opissio) show Dethomas with his face averted, which says much of his shy manner. They often visited brothels and cafes in the Montparnese together; these visits played an intrinsic role in the development of Lautrec's Art.[15] During the summer of 1895 Dethomas travelled to Normandy coast with Lautrec.[12] Lautrec moved to 30 Rue Fontaine from June 1895 onwards, near Dethomas, and stays there until 1898. In 1896 Lautrec paints the famous portrait of Maxime Dethomas at the Bal de l'Opera (N.G. A., Washington ) and Debauche Avec Dethomas, a lithograph later used on the cover of an exhibition catalogue (Dortu, 263). In 1897 (20 June-5 July) Dethomas sailed Holland's canals on a barge with Lautrec and visited Utrecht and the Frans Hals Museum at Haarlem.[16] Their friendship lasted until the end of Lautrec's life.[17]
Dethomas was a friend to Marcel Proust. Proust made a favourable mention of Dethomas's landscapes of Venice in Remembrance of Things Past (The Sweet Cheat Gone, Ch.3) and discussed the quality of his work at an exhibition at the Durand-Ruel Galleries.[18] In a letter to Dethomas of March 1903, Proust wrote that after having seen his exhibition, he received "a profound initiation to the understanding of nature and love of life." He continued, "it seems that one has gotten from you new eyes to look at life and men and even down to those little windows on the Grand Canal that I would love to juxtapose with yours."[19]
During the 1890s, Dethomas formed a close friendship with the artist Ignacio Zuloaga, who lived in Paris at this time.[20] Zuloaga studied under Eugène Carrière with Dethomas, and by 1892 they were close friends - Dethomas invited Zuloaga to stay with his family for some period – during which Zuloaga formed a bond with Maxime's Half-Sister Marie-Valentine. Zuloaga went on to marry Marie-Valentine on May 18, 1899, with Eugène Carrière and Isaac Albéniz as witnesses.[3]
The author Pierre Louys was also a close companion of Dethomas and had collaborated with him on the first edition of Le Centaure in 1896. During August and September 1898, Dethomas acted as a marriage broker of sorts, attempting to bring together his sister Germaine and Pierre Louys, a plot that was thwarted by Dethomas's stepmother.[21]
Exhibitions
1895 - Exhibited at the Maison de l'Art Nouveau : [Galerie Samuel Bing, 26 Décembre 1895 - Janvier 1896] with Vuillard, Lautrec, Rodin and others. Lot 75 — "Étude de femme en robe orange".
1896 - Exhibited at the 13th Impressionistes et Symbolistes exhibition at the Galerie Le Barc de Boutteville. (Mercure de France exhibition review of September 1896 stated: "J'y retins avant tout le monde Dethomas, dont les esquisses sombres sont d'une coloration interessante, d'un gout sur, d'une elegance nerveuse qui fait augurer de serieux resultats.")
1900 - First solo exhibition took place at the Galerie des Artistes Modernes, 19 Rue Caumartin (May.5)
1903 - Exhibited at Galerie Durand-Ruel[19]
1903 - Exhibited at La Libre Esthétique - Dixième Exhibition in Brussles (Feb.26 - Mar.29) with Denis, Rusinol and others.
1905 - Exhibited at the 3rd Salon d'Automne at the Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, Paris. Five drawings (461-465) titled 'Au moment du cafe', 'Le Conferencier', 'Premiere Auditrice', 'Seconde Auditrice' and 'L'Arpette'.
1906 - Exhibited (solo) at the Galerie de l'Art Decoratif [7 rue Laffitte] (Apr.23-May.17) Sketches and charcoals of Venice and its people later used to illustrate Regniers book Esquisses Venetiennes.
1906 - Exhibited at the 4th Salon d'Automne at the Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, Paris.
1907 - Exhibited at the 5th International Exposition of Barcelona, with Zualoga and Rodin.
1907 - Exhibited at the 1st Salon de Humoristes at the Palais de Glace with Forain and others.
1907 - Exhibited at La Comédie Humaine (galerie Georges Petit) with Forain, Degas and others.
1908 - Exhibited at the 2nd Salon de Humoristes at the Palais de Glace with Forain and others.
1908 - Exhibited at the Exposition de la Toison d'or, Moscow (Ref: Exhibition Catalogue).
1908 - Exhibited at La Comédie Humaine (galerie Georges Petit) with Lautrec, Dresa and others.
1908 - Exhibited with Rodin and Zuloaga at the Kunstverein, Frankfurt, Germany.
1911 - Exhibited at the 10th Salon d'Automne in the Grand Palais[22]
1911 - Exhibited (solo) drawings and sketches at Galerie Druet (Mar.27 - Apr.8).
1911 - Exhibited at the International Exhibition of Turin (Apr. – Nov.).
1911 - Exhibited at La Libre Esthétique, Bruxelles (Mar.18 - Apr.23) with Vuillard, Denis and others.
1911 - Exhibited with the Exposition annuelle 2eme groupe at Galerie Druet (Mar.13 - 25) with Baignières, Desvallières, Dufrénoy, Fleming, Guerin, Marque, Marval, Piot, Rouault, Jaulmes and Lacoste.[23]
1912 - Exhibited at Galerie Druet with Baignieres, Desvallieres, Flandrin, Geurin, Marquet, Marval, Piot and Rouault (Feb.5 – 17)[24]
1912 - Exhibited at the Artz and De Bois in The Hague, Netherlands (Mar. - Apr.) with Bussy and Huszar[25]
1913 - Exhibited with the Exposition annuelle 2eme groupe at Galerie Druet (Feb.17 - Mar.1) with Baignères, Desvallières, Dufrénoy, Fleming, Guerin, Marque, Marval, Rouault and Mare.
1913 - Exhibited at the Societa Leonardo da Vinci (May 11–31), in Florence, Italy.
1914 - Exhibited with the Exposition annuelle 2eme groupe at Galerie Druet (Feb.9 - 21) with Baignères, Desvallières, Dufrénoy, Fleming, Guerin, Marque, Mrs Marval, Rouault, Bernouard and Moreau.
1915 - Exhibited two framed drawings in the French Pavilion of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (PPIE) Worlds Fair, San Francisco, U.S.A..
1916 - Exhibited at the Detroit Museum of Art, U.S.A.. The exhibition of PPIE works. (October Exhibition Catalogue) Lot. 80 - "Yvonne", Lot. 81 - "Jeanne"
1917 - Exhibited with the Exposition annuelle 2eme groupe at Galerie Druet (May 7–25) with Desvallières, Dufrénoy, Fleming, Guerin, Marque, Marval, Rouault and Barbier
1922 - Exhibited (solo) at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris (Apr.12 - May 7).
1928 - Exhibited (solo) drawings and watercolours at the Galerie Simonson, Paris (Mar.20-Apr.5).
1992 - Exhibited (solo) at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris (Feb.25 - May 24).
Publications
Dethomas made an important contribution to the renaissance of book production in France.[26] The following list, though incomplete, gives a broad representation of Dethomas's contribution to published works:
Collectif, Le Centaure, Vol 1 and 2, 1896
Jean de Tinan, Aimienne, Ou le Detournement de Mineure, 1899
Collectif, Vers et Prose, No.6, 1906
Henri de Regnier, Esquisses Venetiennes, 1906
Collectif, Art et Decoration, Fevrier 1909
Paul Adam, Le Trust, 1910
Collectif l'Art Décoratif, May 20, 1912
Collectif, Excelsior, various issues, 1916
Jean Giraudoux, Amica America, 1918
François Chateaubriand, La Campagne Romaine, 1919
Jean Giraudoux, Adieu à la Guerre, 1919
Rudyard Kipling, La Plus Belle Histoire du Monde, 1919
Collectif, Comoedia, various issues, 1920-2
Jean and Jérome Tharaud, Dingley l'illustre écrivain, 1920
Paul Claudel, Tete D’or Drame, 1920
Andre Lebey, Jean de Tinan, 1921
Boileau Despreaux, Le Lutrin, 1921
Jaques Cazotte, Le Diable Amoureux, 1921
Jean de Tinan, Noctambulismes, 1921
Andre Maurois, Ariel ou la Vie de Shelly, 1922
Arthur Gobineau, Scaramouche, 1922
Molière, Theatre Complet, 1923
Albert Touchard, La Mort du Loup, 1924
Edmond Jaloux, Le Reste est Silence, 1924
Jean Giraudoux, Le Couvent de Bella, 1925
Ouvers Completes Illustrees de Anatole France, 1925
Charles de Saintcyr, Sous le Signe du Caribou, 1928
François Mauriac, La Nuit du Bourreau de Soi-meme, 1929
References
Footnotes
Huddleston, 126
Prade, 131
Milhou, 1979
Taylor, 78
Wright, 221
(see: "Montmartre" advertising the 1897 book of the same name. Jane Vorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, New Jersey)
Garafola, 86
Howard, 92
(Bruenig, 221)
(Agen, 150,180)
(Cheney, 5, 92)
Cooper, 130
Craven, 280
Lassaigne, 119
Neret, 133
Cooper, 130; Gauzi, 27; Southbank, 538
Cooper, 152
(Carter, 337)
Bucknall, 178
(Boone, 179)
Neideraruer, 71-73
J.Huncker, N.Y. Times, September 1911
See: Burlington Magazaine, Apr., 1911
(Burlington Magazine, Feb., 1912).
Blotkamp, 81
Garner, 113
Bibliography
Agen, Manzani Diaz. Manuel de Falla: His Life and Works. Omnibus Press, 1999.
Apollinaire, Guillaume. Apollinaire on Art: Essays and Reviews, 1902-1918. Viking Press, 1972
Blotkamp, Carel. De Stijl: The Formative Years, 1917-1922. MIT Press, 1986.
Boone, Elizabeth. Vistas de España: American Views of Art and Life in Spain. Yale University Press, 2007
Bucknall, Barabara. Critical Essays on Marcel Proust. G.K. Hall, 1987.
Carson, Lionel. The Stage Year Book. Carson & Commerford, 1917.
Carter, William. Marcel Proust: A Life. Yale University Press, 2002.
Cheney, Sheldon. Stage Decoration. Blom, 1966.
Cooper, Douglas. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. H.N. Abrams, New York, 1956
Craven, Thomas. A Treasury of Art Masterpieces. Simon and Schuster, 1958
Dortu, M.G.. Lautrec by Lautrec. Galahad, New York, 1964
Garafola, Lynn. Legacies of Twentieth-Century Dance. Wesleyan University Press, 2005
Garner, Philippe. Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Galahad Books, 1982.
Gauzi, François. My Friend Toulouse-Lautrec. Spearmen, London, 1957.
Gold, Arthur. Misia: The Life of Misia Sert. Knopf, 1980
Hecht, Anne. Toulouse-Lautrec: Paintings, Drawings, Posters, and Lithographs. Museum of Modern Art, N.Y. 1956.
Howard, Jean. Shakespeare Reproduced: The Text in History and Ideology. Routledge, 2005.
Huddleston, Sisley. France and the French. Cape, 1928.
Huntington Wright, Willard. Modern Painting - Its Tendency and Meaning.
Lassaigne, Jacques. Lautrec: Biographical and Critical Studies. 1972.
Londre, Felicia. The History of World Theatre. Continuum, 1999.
Milhou, Mayi. Ignacio Zuloaga et la France, These d'Histoire de l'Art, October 1979, Bordeaux III.
Neiderauer, David. Pierre Louÿs, His Life and Art. Canadian Federation for the Humanities, 1981.
Néret, Gilles. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1864-1901. Taschen, 1999
Prade, Guy de la. Le Cimetière de Passy et ses Sépultures Celebres. Editions des Ecrivains, 1998.
Taylor, E.A. The Studio - Vol 84, No 353, August 1922, London.
External links
Musee d'Orsay, Paris
The National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Hermitage Collection
Puskin Museum, Moscow
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