Lilla Cabot Perry

The blue kimono

Lilla Cabot Perry (January 13, 1848 – February 28, 1933) was an American artist who worked in the American Impressionist style, rendering portraits and landscapes in the free form manner of her mentor, Claude Monet. Perry was an early advocate of the French Impressionist style and contributed to its reception in the United States. Perry's early work was shaped by her exposure to the Boston School of artists and her travels in Europe and Japan. She was also greatly influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson's philosophies and her friendship with Camille Pissarro. Although it was not until the age of thirty-six that Perry received formal training, her work with artists of the Impressionist, Realist, Symbolist, and German Social Realist movements greatly affected the style of her oeuvre.

Early life

Lydia (Lilla) Cabot[1] was born January 13, 1848 in Boston, Massachusetts.[2][3] Her father was Dr. Samuel Cabot III, a distinguished surgeon. Her mother was Hannah Lowell Jackson Cabot.[4][5] She was the eldest of eight children,[2] three being, Samuel Cabot IV (b. 1850),[6] chemist and founder of Valspar's Cabot Stains,[7] Dr. Arthur Tracy Cabot (b. 1852),[6] a progressive surgeon,[8] and Godfrey Lowell Cabot (b. 1861),[6] founder of Cabot Corporation.[9] Her family was prominent in Boston society, and friends of the family included Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and James Russell Lowell,[2] who was her mother's cousin who respected Lilla's independent spirit, "scorn of ignoble things", and "alert nature". Lowell's daughter and Lilla's cousin, Mabel, was a close companion.[10] Perry recalled having the opportunity to play the game "fox and geese" with both Emerson and Alcott.[11] She had lending privileges at the Boston Athenæum, through her father, who was a proprieter, and her mother's family.[5]

Perry studied literature, language, poetry, music and had informal sketching sessions with her friends. As a child she additionally enjoyed reading books and playing sports outdoors.[11] Perry was thirteen years old when the Civil War began. Her parents were ardent abolitionists and took an active role in the war effort by providing care to wounded soldiers and helping to protect runaway slaves.[11] At seventeen, when the Civil War ended, Perry moved with her family to a farm in Canton, Massachusetts where much of her early interests in landscapes and nature was shaped.[11] She traveled with her parents in 1867 to Europe, where she studied painting.[5]

Marriage
Thomas Sergeant Perry, 1889

On April 9, 1874, she married Thomas Sergeant Perry, a Harvard alumnus scholar and linguist.[2][3] His granduncle was Matthew C. Perry, Commodore of the United States Navy.[2] The couple had three daughters: Margaret (1876), Edith (1880), and Alice (1884).[2][11]
Education and early career
Child at the Window (Edith Perry)

She completed what is considered to be her earliest known painting, Portrait of an Infant (Margaret Perry) dating from 1877–78. This work draws on the inspiration that would occupy much of her artwork throughout her career – her children.[2]

Boston

In 1884 Perry began her formal artistic training with the portrait painter Alfred Quinton Collins.[2] Collins had studied at the Académie Julian in Paris under the guidance of Léon Bonnat.[12] Perry’s The Beginner, c. 1885–86, represents the first work she completed under formal guidance. The Beginner echoes Collins’ influences with the sitter’s serious gaze, dark background, and emphasis on dramatic lighting.[11]

In 1885, Perry's father died and left her an inheritance that allowed her to more seriously study art. In January 1886, she began to study with Robert Vonnoh, an artist who worked in the Impressionist’s en plein air style at Grez-Sur-Loing in France.[3][11] She took classes with instructor Dennis Bunker at Cowles Art School in Boston beginning in November 1886.[3][11] Cowles taught its students "liberal theories" in the creation of realist art – theories that Perry greatly responded to.[11]

Paris

Perry was commissioned by the Waltham Watch Company to paint his three daughters. She earned sufficient money to travel first-class passage to Europe in June 1887.[3] The Perrys moved to Paris that year.[2] Perry enrolled in the Académie Colarossi,[3] where she worked with Gustave Courtois and Joseph Blanc.[11] She studied with Felix Borchardt, a German painter.[11] In addition to receiving formal academic training, Perry spent much of her time studying the old masters in museums with Bernard Berenson, an art critic and her husband's friend.[2] She also traveled to Spain to copy works at the Museo del Prado. Perry’s The Red Hat from 1888 strongly reflects the formal training she had received and her exposure to the old masters, especially the work of Sandro Botticelli.[11]

In 1888 Perry traveled to Munich where she studied with the German social realist Fritz von Uhde. Uhde's handling of the subject and his use of color had a dynamic effect on Perry's work. By the fall of 1888 Perry had returned to Paris.[11][13] She studied at Académie Julian[3] with Tony Robert-Fleury.[11]

With the encouragement of Walter Gay,[11] Perry submitted two paintings she had recently completed to the Société des Artistes Indépendants. The portraits of her husband Thomas Sergeant Perry (1889) and of her daughter Edith Perry (1889) were accepted by the Salon and with this accomplishment Perry's career began in France.[2]

Perry’s success in 1889 made it possible for her to be one of the select few admitted to Alfred Stevens' class in Paris. Stevens was known for his "elegant interiors featuring genteel ladies lost in their reveries".[11] While in Paris, she became friends with Mary Cassatt, Camille Pissarro, and Claude Monet.[14]

Career
Giverny

In 1889, Perry first encountered Claude Monet's work in Georges Petit's gallery. Inspired by his work, the Perrys spent the next summer in Giverny, where Monet lived, in order to further expose Lilla to the Impressionist's style.[2] Between 1889 and 1909 Perry spent nine summers in Giverny. It was here that she fully found herself as an artist. During her time in Giverny she formed a close friendship with Claude Monet whose impressionistic handling of color and light greatly inspired her work. In addition, she also worked with a cadre of American artists who had found their way to Giverny including Theodore Robinson, John Breck, and Theodore Earl Butler.[11][15]

La Petite Angèle, II, 1889

There is a distinct shift observed in Perry's work after she arrived in Giverny. Her La Petite Angèle, II (1888) illustrates the dramatic evolution her style during this period. Unlike her earlier portraits, like The Letter, which relied on more traditional techniques to carefully render the subject matter – La Petite Angèle, II is clearly impressionistic in style with its free form brushstrokes that capture the impression of light and color. Rather than blending together each brushstroke, Perry allowed the composition to be "raw", thus allowing a vibrancy to be imbued in the canvas that was not possible in her earlier works. Giverny and more specifically Claude Monet, inspired Perry to work with en plein air forms, impressionistic brushstrokes, soft colors, and poppy red. In the window of La Petite Angèle, II we see the beginnings of what would become Perry’s love affair with the Impressionist’s handling of the landscape theme.[11]

By the fall of 1889 Perry had departed from Giverny to tour Belgium and the Netherlands[11] and she had returned to Boston with her family in 1891[16] with a painting by Monet and a series of landscapes by John Breck.[11]

Return to Boston
Lilla Cabot Perry in the Studio c. 1890

Perry’s artistic career took on new meaning when she returned to Boston. She was not content to simply paint in the new style she had acquired while overseas. More than this, she was inspired to "foster a new truth in painting"[11] in the Boston art community that was not responsive to the new Impressionist modes.[16] In 1890 Perry helped to organize the first public exhibition at St. Botolph of Breck landscapes.[11]

Perry won a silver medal in 1892 exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association.[5] In 1893 Perry was chosen to represent Massachusetts at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Perry had seven works displayed at the exhibition,[16] of which four of the compositions were worked in the en plein air style (Petite Angèle, I, An Open Air Concert, Reflections, Child in a Window) and three were more formal studio portraits (Portrait of a Child, Child with a Violoncello, Portrait Study of a Child).[11]

In 1894 Perry had achieved another success when her Impressionist paintings were exhibited in Boston at the St. Botolph Club with other artists including Edmund C. Tarbell (1862–1938), Phillip Leslie Hale (1865–1931), Theodore Wendel (1859–1932), Frederick Porter Vinton (1846–1911), and Dawson Dawson-Watson. Not only did this exhibition reveal that Perry’s work was being accepted in America, it also proved that Impressionism was finally starting to be accepted as an art form outside of Europe.[11] She also held an exhibit of Monet's work at the Boston Art Students Association that year.[16]

Between 1894 and 1897, Perry’s work achieved international acclaim. Not only was she able to exhibit her work in Boston, she also regularly exhibited at the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts at the Salon de Champ de Mars during this time.[11] In 1897 brought another exhibition for Perry at the St. Botolph Club, in which a Boston Evening Transcript critic said of her work, "Mrs. Perry is one of the most genuine, on-nonsense, natural painters that we know of... Such paintings must be taken seriously."[16] Unlike her previous exhibition at the same location, this time Perry was exhibiting her works in a solo show. This exhibit featured the breadth of Perry’s artistic achievements up until this point including Impressionist portraits and landscapes.[11]

Japan
Lilla Cabot Perry, In a Japanese Garden, 1898-1901

A new inspiration entered her life in 1897 when her husband received a teaching position in Japan as an English professor at the Keiogijku University. Lilla Perry met Okakura Kakuzō, one of the Imperial Art School co-founders.[11][16] For three years Perry resided in Japan and took full advantage of its unique artistic community.[17] In October 1898 Perry exhibited her work in Tokyo, with the assistance of Kakuzo,[16][17] and became an honorary member of the Nippon Bijutsu-In Art Association. Perry’s involvement with the Asian art world greatly influenced her work and made it possible for her to develop a unique style that brought together western and eastern aesthetic traditions. Her Meditation, Child in a Kimono and Young Girl with an Orange vibrantly illustrates the distinct changes that occurred in Perry’s work during her stay in Japan. Unlike her earlier works, both compositions draw on uniquely eastern subject matter and show a strong influence of the clean lines from Japanese prints. The result of this blending of east and west is striking with Impressionist portraits flowing seamlessly with the well-organized, balanced compositions that the eastern art world was known for at this time.[17] Mount Fuji became the subject of 35 or more paintings[17] and she made a total of more than 80 paintings while in Japan.[5]

Boston and Paris

By 1901 Perry had returned to Boston to their home on Marlborough Street[5] and two years later they bought a farmhouse in Hancock, New Hampshire as a summer house.[5] In 1904, her Portrait of Mrs. Joseph Clark Grew [Alice Perry] won a bronze medal at the prestigious International Louisiana Purchase Exhibition in St. Louis.[5] The upcoming years would prove to be difficult for Perry’s personal life. In 1905 she returned to France and by the winter of the same year, her health had collapsed.[11] Frequent moves, losses due to unprofitable investments,[11] and having spent most of the inheritance from her father,[16] meant that Perry constantly needed to commission portraits to support the family, which took a toll on her health.[11][16]

Return to America
Lady with a Bowl of Violets, 1910

In 1908 Perry moved to Boston permanently, but focused on portraits because they were more marketable than her landscapes.[16] She regained her health and had six of her paintings exhibited in Paris at the Salon des Indépendents, including Dans un Bateau and Le Paravent Jaune in 1908.[11] In November 1909 Perry returned to America with a newfound inspiration for her work. The following year she demonstrated her renewed enthusiasm for her art by creating a rare urban view for her oeuvre, The State House, Boston (1910).[11] She was a founding member of The Guild of Boston Artists (1914).[5] By 1915, Perry had received yet another bronze medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California[5] for her portrait, Hildegarde, the daughter of a friend.[18] She painted the portrait in 1916 of Edwin Arlington Robinson, who wrote a biography of her husband for the The Dictionary of American Biography. Robinson often visited the Perrys at their Hancock, New Hampshire house.[1]

Throughout her career as an artist, Perry was deeply engaged in the artistic communities of whatever town she lived in and actively promoted Impressionism’s style. The passage of time did not cause Perry’s passions to wane. In 1913, Perry helped to form the ultra-conservative Guild of Boston Artists in order to oppose the art world's avant-garde trends. Perry was dissatisfied by the “modern art" that was taking hold.[11] In 1920 Perry received a commemoration for giving six years of loyal service to the Guild.[11]

In 1922, she had her first solo exhibition in New York, which included her landscapes from Japan and Givnerny. A New York Morning Telegrapher review called it "one of the most exciting exhibition given by a woman in this city in years."[16]

Final years
A Snowy Monday, 1926 (The Cooperage, Hancock, New Hampshire)

By 1923 Perry’s book of poetry, The Jar of Dreams was published. It included a poem of her appreciation for Japan and New England:[19]

The sun breaks forth and now my plum tree smiles,
Charming its feathery burden into dew,
That all its flowers may drink a health to Spring!
For February in Japan beguiles
Even my homesick heart from thoughts of you,
New England, still icebound and blustering.[19]

The same year became critically ill with diphtheriawhile her daughter Edith had a complete mental health collapse and was sent to a private mental health institution in Wellesley.[11] Perry spent the next two years in convalescence in Charleston, South Carolina. During this time she found new inspiration for her landscape theme and executed works such as Road from Charleston to Savannah and A Field, Late Afternoon, Charleston, South Carolina. It was also during her time in Charleston that Perry found a new theme for her landscapes, what she referred to as "snowscapes."[11] Two examples of her snowscapes include A Snowy Monday (1926) and After First Snow (1926).[11]

In 1927 there was an exhibition in February at the Gordon Dunthorne Gallery.[11] She published "Reminiscences of Claude Monet from 1889 to 1909" first in 1927 in the Magazine of Art.[5] The following year, on May 7, 1928 Thomas Sergeant Perry died after having been sick with pneumonia.[20] After a period of mourning, Perry again allowed her work to be exhibited at the Guild of Boston Artists – the organization she helped to establish – in 1929 and then again in 1931.[11][21] Many of her landscapes were showcased in the exhibition including Autumn Leaves (1926), Lakeside Reflections (1929–1931), and Snow, Ice, Mist (1929).[11]

Perry painted winter scenes, which reflected an abstract influence, at her Hancock, New Hampshire vacation home. Mist on the Mountain (1931) was her last exhibited landscape.[16] She continued to paint until her death.[5]

Lilla Cabot Perry died on February 28, 1933.[2][3] Her ashes, and that of her husband who died in 1928, are buried at the Pine Ridge Cemetery in Hancock, New Hampshire.[5]

Legacy
The Black Hat, 1914

Hirschl and Adler Galleries held a retrospective of her work in 1969 and the Boston Athenæum exhibited her works in March 1982.[5] Her blending of eastern and western aesthetics and her sensitive visions of the feminine and natural worlds offered significant stylistic contributions to both the American and French Impressionist schools.[11][22]

Her vocal advocacy for the Impressionist movement helped to make it possible for other American Impressionists like Mary Cassatt to gain the exposure and acceptance they needed in the states. She furthered the American careers of her close friends Claude Monet and John Breck by lecturing stateside on their talents and showcasing their works. She also worked closely with Camille Pissarro to assist him in his dire financial situation by selling his work to friends and family in America.[23]
Selected exhibitions

1893 – World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois[16]
1897 – St. Botolph Club in Boston[16]
1898 – Tokyo Exhibition[16][17]
1904 – International Louisiana Purchase Exhibition[5]
1908 – Salon des Independents, Paris, France[11]
1915 – Panama Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California[5]
1927 – The Gordon Dunthorne Gallery[11]
1929 – The Guild of Boston Artists[11]
1931 – The Guild of Boston Artists[11]
1969 – Lilla Cabot Perry, A Retrospective Exhibition. Currier Gallery of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire[24]
1982 – Lilla Cabot Perry, Paintings. Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Massachusetts[5]
1989 – The Founders Show, Guild of Boston Artists, Boston, Massachusetts[11]

Selected works
Paintings

Work	Date	Collection
A Cup of Tea	Late 19th early 20th century	Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California^[40]
A Snowy Monday	1926	The Cooperage, Hancock, New Hampshire), 1926^[11]
A Stream Beneath Poplars	c. 1890-1900	Hunter Museum of American Art, Chattanooga, Tennessee^[31]^[32]
Angela	1891	High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia^[33]
At the window	undated	Private Collection
Autumn Afternoon, Giverny	undated	Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, Illinois^[29]
Boy Fishing	1929	White House, Washington, D.C.^[49]
By the Brook, Giverny, France	1909	Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, Illinois^[29]
En barque sur l'Epte à Giverny	by 1900	Louvre Museum, Paris^[41]
Haystacks, Giverny	1896	Private collection^[36]
La Petite Angele, II	1889	Hirschl & Adler Galleries, Inc.^[26]
Lady in an Evening Dress (Renee)	1911	National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.^[46]
Lady in Black	1905	Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.^[42]
Lady with a Bowl of Violets	1910	National Museum of Women in the Arts^[44]^[45]
Margaret with a Bonnet (Margaret Perry)	1890	Private collection^[11]
Mount Fuji with Gravestones	1898–1901	Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[38]
Open Air Concert	1890	Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[27]^[28]
Portrait of an Infant (Margaret Perry)	1877–1878	Private collection^[2]
Portrait of Edwin Arlington Robinson	1916	Colby College, Waterville, Maine.^[1]
Portrait of Elsa Tudor	1898	National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.^[37]
Portrait of the Baroness von R.	1895	Boston Harbor Hotel, Massachusetts^[35]
Portrait of William Dean Howells	1912	Colby College, Waterville, Maine^[47]
Reading	undated
Self Portrait	1892	Hirschl & Adler Galleries, Inc.^[34]
Self-portrait	1889-1896	Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, Illinois^[29]^[30]
The Beginner (Margaret with a violin)	1885	University of Arizona Museum of Art, Tucson, Arizona^[25]
The Black Hat	1914	Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire^[48]
The Cellist	undated	Private Collection
The Pink Rose	undated	Private Collection
The Trio (Alice, Edith, and Margaret Perry)	1898–1900	Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts^[39]
The White Bed Jacket	1905	Hirschl and Adler Galleries, New York^[43]

Publications

Poetry

The Heart of the Weed (1887)
Impressions: A Book of Verse (1898)
The Jar of Dreams (1923)

Translation from Greek to English

From the Garden of Hellas (1891)[50]

See also
Portal icon Poetry portal

American Impressionism
Cabot family

References

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Carol Kort; Liz Sonneborn (January 1, 2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. Infobase Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4381-0791-2.
American Women Artists 1830-1930. Washington, D.C.: The National Museum of Women in the Arts. 1987. p. 50. ISBN 0-940979-02-0.
A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography: Comprising the Lives of Eminent Deceased Physicians and Surgeons from 1610 to 1910. W.B. Saunders Company. 1920. pp. 188–189. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
Noah Sheloa (September 2012). "Lilla Cabot Perry". Boston Athenæum. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
"Dr. Cabot's Will Files (Dr. Arthur T. Cabot)". Boston Evening Transcript. November 11, 1912. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Thomas D. Cabot. "A Short History of Cabot Corporation". In Elkan Blout. The Power of Boldness. p. 135. ISBN 0-309-05445-1.
Biographical History of Massachusetts: Biographies and Autobiographies of the Leading Men in the State, Volume II. Massachusetts Biographical Society. 1913. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
"The History of Cabot Corporation". Cabot Corporation. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
Richard Cary (March 1, 1963). "Lowell to Cabot". Colby Quarterly. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Meredith Martindale; Nancy Mowll Mathews; Pamela Moffat (1990). Lilla Cabot Perry: An American Impressionist. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Women in the Arts. ISBN 978-0940979-14-7.
Society of American Artists (1896). Annual Exhibition. p. 14.
Sandra L. Singer (2003). Adventures Abroad: North American Women at German-speaking Universities, 1868-1915. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-313-32371-3.
Mark Rennella (1 April 2008). The Boston Cosmopolitans: International Travel and American Arts and Letters. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-230-61121-4.
Carol Kort; Liz Sonneborn (January 1, 2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. Infobase Publishing. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-1-4381-0791-2.
Carol Kort; Liz Sonneborn (January 1, 2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. Infobase Publishing. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4381-0791-2.
"Lilla Cabot Perry". The National Museum of Women in the Arts.
"Hildegarde (c. 1912)". Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Mark Rennella (1 April 2008). The Boston Cosmopolitans: International Travel and American Arts and Letters. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-230-61121-4.
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Harvard Art Museum (23 September 2008). American Paintings at Harvard: Paintings, watercolors, pastels, and stained glass by artists born between 1826 and 1856. Harvard Art Museum. p. 268.
Mark Rennella (1 April 2008). The Boston Cosmopolitans: International Travel and American Arts and Letters. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-230-61121-4.
Beyond Cassatt: Another Woman Impressionist." Americana 18, no. 5 (1990): 65.
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"Little Angel". California State University.
"Open Air Concert". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
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"Search: Lilla Cabot Perry". A Stream Beneath Poplars. Hunter Museum. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
"Angela". High Museum of Art. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
"Self-portrait (Lilla Cabot Perry)". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Dennis Miller Bunker; Erica E. Hirshler (1995). Dennis Miller Bunker and His Circle: January 13-June 4, 1995, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. pp. 54, 63.
Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (19 December 2013). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5.
Susan Fisher Sterling (August 1997). Women Artists: The National Museum of Women in the Arts. Abbeville Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7892-0411-0.
"Mount Fuji with Gravestones". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
"The Trio, Tokyo, Japan". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Lilla Cabot Perry. The Los Angeles County Art Museum.
"En barque sur l'Epte à Giverny". Louvre. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
"Lady in Black". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
The V & A Album. Templegate Pub. 1983. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-946345-03-8.
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"Lady with a Bowl of Violets". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
"Lady in an Evening Dress (Renee), National Museum of Women in the Arts". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Erica E. Hirshler; Janet L. Comey; Ellen E. Roberts; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (2001). A studio of her own: women artists in Boston, 1870-1940. MFA Publications. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-87846-482-1. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
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From the Garden of Hellas. Google Books.