Leon Dabo (July 9, 1864[N 1] – November 7, 1960) was an American tonalist landscape artist best known for his paintings of New York, particularly the Hudson Valley. His paintings were known for their feeling of spaciousness, with large areas of the canvas that had little but land, sea, or clouds.[9] During his peak, he was considered a master of his art, earning praise from such luminaries as John Spargo, Bliss Carman, Benjamin De Casseres, Edwin Markham, and Anatole Le Braz.[10] His brother, Scott Dabo, was also a noted painter.
Early life
Flowers in a Green Vase, Pastel
Dabo, the eldest of three brothers (he also had five sisters), was possibly born in Paris, France[11][12] but recently available documents state he was born in Saverne.[8] His father Ignace Scott Dabo was a professor of aesthetics and a classical scholar, who moved the family to Detroit, Michigan in 1870 to escape the Franco-Prussian War.[13][14] He supplemented Leon's formal education with Latin, French, and drawing. After his father's death in 1883, the Dabo family moved to New York City, whereupon he found a job as an architectural designer, working to support the family so that his younger brother Scott, who was considered the talented one, could focus on his art.[9] He then became a student of John LaFarge, and the two of them would remain close friends until LaFarge's death. When Dabo decided to pursue studies in Paris, LaFarge wrote letters of introduction, enabling Dabo to meet Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, who would become his mentor, and to gain entry to the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs. He also studied part-time at the Académie Colarossi and the École des Beaux-Arts. Although Impressionism was gaining hold at this time, Dabo did not find that movement to his taste.[15]
Dabo also studied briefly at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, but the nascent form of German Expressionism did not appeal to him and he moved on to Italy, where he stayed for three years. This was followed by a year in Nancy, France, studying color with Émile Lauge, a physicist. Finally, he spent some time in London around 1886, where he made the acquaintance of James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who also apparently was a fellow student of Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre with Dabo's father. Whistler would have a profound influence on Dabo's style.[16]
While in London, Dabo met Mary Jane "Jennie" Ford, they married in 1889 and the couple had two children: Madeleine Helen (b. 1891) and Leon Ford "George" (b. 1892),[1][17] Leon and Jennie would separate in the 1920s. After Jennie's death in 1945, Dabo officially married his "wife" since the 1930s, Stephanie Ofenthal.[6]
Artistic success
He returned in New York in 1890 and began his career as a muralist, but by the beginning of the 20th century had turned to painting landscapes instead. For years, Dabo's paintings were rejected for exhibition by the major juries of the United States, until respected French painter Edmond Aman-Jean recognized his talents and began showing Dabo's work in France, whereupon he became a major success.[9] His work was on display in museums all around the world, including Musée du Luxembourg, the National Gallery of Canada, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.[5] Noted critics such as Sadakichi Hartmann, Royal Cortissoz and J. Nilson Laurvik showered praise on his paintings.[18]
Evening on the Hudson (1909), oil on canvas. This painting won a prize from the National Arts Club.
Leon Dabo in his Brooklyn studio, ca. 1910, from the Archives of American Art
As Dabo's success grew, it was met with by jealousy on the part of Scott. By all accounts, Leon consistently championed his brother's work and the two of them often exhibited together. He even held power of attorney to act as Scott's representative with prospective buyers in Europe. When Scott went to study in Paris in 1902, Leon wrote letters of introduction on his behalf. However, reviews in the press were usually more favorable to Leon, buyers were more interested in Leon's work, and it sold for more as well. Finally at one point, the youngest brother Louis returned from Europe with a new power of attorney statement placing himself in charge of Scott's work, charging that Leon had imitated Scott's style, undermined him with buyers, and misappropriated the proceeds from the sales of Scott's work. Although the Dabo sisters sided with Louis and Scott, Leon simply refuted the charges and The New York Times did not put much stock into Louis' statements.[19][20]
Aligning himself with the insurgents of the art world, Dabo participated in the "Exhibition of Contemporary Art" at the National Arts Club in 1908.[21] Later that year he showed with the Allied Artists' Association, a newly organized artist group in London mounting non-juried exhibitions.[22] In 1909 he curated and participated in an art exhibition for the Rand School of Social Science[23] and in 1910, he participated in the "Exhibition of Independent Artists" held by members of the Ashcan School.[24] In that same year Dabo became the leader of The Pastellists, a somewhat radical artist exhibition society.[25] He was an initial exhibitor at the MacDowell Club in their non-juried exhibitions, the brainchild of the Ashcan School's Robert Henri.[26] A charter member of the Association of American Painters and Sculptors,[27] Dabo was a principal organizer of the International Exhibition of Modern Art in 1913, better known as the Armory Show. He hosted several of its earliest meetings in his studio,[18] but he was back in Europe before the show opened.[28]
World War I
Silver Light Hudson River (1911), oil on canvas. Brooklyn Museum.
During World War I, the multilingual Dabo went to France and offered his services to Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. He ended up serving as an officer in the French and British Armies successively and exposed a number of German spies, using his ear for dialect and accent. He even played the role of spy once, going behind German lines to gain information.[5] For the U.S., he was part of a commission that investigated alleged atrocities that happened in France during the course of the war, and reported that they were indeed true.[29] He was commissioned as a captain in the United States Army and served as an interpreter for the American Expeditionary Force[30] as well as an aide-de-camp to Major General Mark L. Hersey of the 4th Infantry Division.[31]
Later life
After the war, his artistic output decreased. He began to feel that American men had become too materialistic, but women, he felt, were of a more spiritual nature, and could "save" art from indifference. As a result, he became a popular lecturer, often speaking to as many as fifteen women's clubs a month on art all around the country.[5]
In the 1920s, he taught and painted in various artists' colonies in the Litchfield Hills of Connecticut. Starting in 1933, he began to exhibit flower paintings and pastels, a departure from the landscapes with which he had become associated. They were well received, with The New York Times saying the works were "a distinct contribution to be associated with the flower harmonies of Odilon Redon and of Fantin-Latour."[30]
In 1937, he returned to France and established a studio there, where he painted French landscapes. With war approaching, Dabo helped artists such as Walter Sickert and Fernand Léger transport their works out of the country to avoid their being confiscated. He escaped the German occupation of France in late 1940, through Portugal. After the war, he returned to France in 1948 and painted more landscapes, most notably of Montagne Sainte-Victoire. These paintings were highly received and he was invited to exhibit them at the "Painters of Mont Ste. Victoire: Tribute to Cézanne" show in 1951. That year, he returned the United States for the last time.[18]
Dabo died in Manhattan in 1960 at the age of 96. He is buried in Long Island National Cemetery. Today his works are getting new attention and praise. New interest has been made on his late modern landscapes and floral still life.
Honors and associations
Chevalier, Légion d'honneur for his contribution to art
National Academy of Design, New York
Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Paris
Société des Amis des Arts, Versailles
Allied Artists' Association, London
President of The Pastellists, New York
The New-York Historical Society
Four Arts Society, New York
University Club, Paris
Association of Italian Artists, Florence, Italy
Life Member of the National Arts Club, New York
Exhibitions
Selected solo exhibitions
1906 Anderson Art Gallery, Chicago, IL
1906 Rowlands Gallery, Boston, MA
1906 Blanchard Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1906 National Arts Club, New York, NY
1907 Academy of Fine Arts, Chicago, IL
1907 A.R. Kohlman Gallery, Indianapolis, IN
1907 Poland Spring Art Gallery, ME
1907 Fritz Gurlitt Gallery, Berlin, Germany
1908 Allied Artists Association Ltd., London, England
1908 Gouplil Gallery London, England
1908 Gurlitt Gallery, Berlin, Germany
1909 National Arts Club, New York, NY
1909 Muncie Art Association, Muncie, IN
1909 Charleston Gallery, Saginaw, MI
1910 Reinhardt Galleries, Chicago, IL
1910 Bruno Cassirer Gallery, Berlin, Germany
1911 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA
1911 Walker Gallery, Montreal, Canada
1911 Exhibition of Recent Paintings Otto Fukushima, Elite Art Rooms, New York, NY
1911 MacDowell Club, New York
1912 Powell Art Gallery
1912 Folsom Galleries, New York, NY
1912 Coffier Art Galleries, New York
1912 Corcoran Gallery, Washington, DC
1912 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA
1913 Gougland Drimi Fisher & Co., London, England
1916 Goupil Galleries, New York, NY
1917 Exhibition of Paintings by Leon Dabo Goupil Galleries
1918 An Exhibition of Oils by Leon Dabo Art Institute of Chicago
1920 Long Island Painters Plymouth Institute, New York
1931 Ferargil Galleries, New York, NY
1933 Knoedler Galleries, New York, NY
1938 Galerie Zak, Paris, Francis
1941 Ferargil Galleries, New York, NY
1962 Graham Gallery, New York, NY Retrospective
1963 Retrospective University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, MI
1964 Leon Dabo Davis Galleries, New York, NY
1999 Leon Dabo: A Retrospective D. Wigmore Fine Art, Inc., New York, NY
Selected group exhibitions
1901 National Academy of Design
1901 Annual Exhibition Carnegie International
1903 Annual Exhibition Carnegie International
1906 Annual Exhibition Art Institute of Chicago
1907 Academy of Fine Arts, Pennsylvania
1908 Applied Artists Association Ltd, London, England
1909 National Arts Club, New York, NY
1910 Royal Academy, Berlin, Germany
1910 Exhibition of Independent Artists, New York, NY
1911 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
1911 Worcester Art Museum, MA
1911 MacDowell Club, New York, NY
1911 Art Institute of Chicago
1912 Association of Italian Artists, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, Italy
1912 Worcester Art Museum, MA
1912 Powell Art Gallery
1912 Corcoran Gallery, Washington, DC
1913 Armory Show, New York, NY
1919 Ardsley Studios, Brooklyn, NY
1920 Knoedler Gallery, New York, NY
1923 Annual Exhibition Penn. Academy of Fine Art
1925 Annual Exhibition Penn. Academy of Fine Art
1938 Salon d'Automme, Paris, France
1938 Societe Nationale de Beaux Arts, Paris, France
1938 Societe des Artistes Independents, Paris, France
1938 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
1939 Jeunes Artistes Francais "Jeunes Artistes Francais," London Fourth Fidac Salon, American Section, London, England
1939 Salon des Tuileries, Paris France
1939 Societe Nationale de Beaux Arts, Paris, France
1939 London Group Show with French Artists, London, England
1939 Exhibition Celebrating Opening of Albert Canal, Liege, Belgium
1951 Painters of Mont Ste.-Victoire: Tribute to Cézanne Musee Graner, Aix-en-Provence, France
1951 Painters of Mt. Ste. Victoires Tribute to Cézanne
1960 Fiftieth Anniversary: Artists in 1910 Delaware Art Center, Wilmington, DE
1961 National Academy of Design
1982 Tonalism: An American Experience The Grand Central Art Galleries, New York, NY
1988 75th Anniversary Armory Show, New York, NY
1997 American Tonalism Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY
2002 L'Impressionisme Americain 1880-1915 Fondation de l'Hermitage, Lausanne, Switzerland
Notes
The year and location of his birth varies widely. Contemporaneous sources state he was born in Detroit in 1868,[1] in 1869,[2] in 1870,[3] or in Grosse Pointe in 1874.[4] A 1931 Time article even states that he was born into a French Canadian family.[5] His tombstone even has 1868 carved on it.[6] In recent years some research has stated that he was born in Paris in 1865.[7] Yet in France, a genealogical and research association known as ARFIDO, has indexed the individuals from the Alsace Lorraine region who claimed French nationality in 1872. Leon's father, Ignace Schott, and his four eldest children declared their French citizenship on July 24, 1872.[8]
References
Hamersly, Lewis Randolph; Leonard, John W.; Mohr, William Frederick; Knox, Herman Warren; Holmes, Frank R.; Downs, Winfield Scott (1907). Who's who in New York (City and State). L. R. Hamersly Co. p. 371.
"Dabo, Leon". New International Encyclopedia. 6. Dodd, Mead. 1914. p. 428.
Earle, Helen L. (editor) (1913). Biographical Sketches of American Artists. Michigan State Library. p. 62.
Narodny, p. 33
"Simple Things". Time. May 25, 1931. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
"Leon Dabo". Find-a-Grave. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
"Evening on the Hudson". Smithsonian Museum of Art. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
Alsace-Lorraine, France Citizenship Declarations (Optants), 1872 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Original data: ARFIDO S.A. Les Optants d'Alsace Lorraine. Série 43. Paris: ARFIDO S.A., 2006. © ARFIDO S.A.
Pattison, James William (1907). "Leon Dabo — A Painter of Space". The World To-day: A Monthly Record of Human Progress. World Review Co. 12: 76–82.
Narodny, Ivan (1969). "Leon Dabo". American Artists. Ayer Publishing (reprint of 1930 edition). pp. 23–39. ISBN 0-8369-1311-6.
Ignatius Schott family, The 1880 U.S. Census, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, p.64A
Sweeney, J. Gray (1987). Artists of Michigan from the Nineteenth Century. Muskegon Museum of Art. p.155
Merrill, Linda (editor) (2003). After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting. Yale University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-300-10125-2.
Ignatius Schott family, The 1870 U.S. Census, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, p.37-38
Narodny, p. 34
Pennell, Joseph (1911). The Life of James McNeil Whistler, 5th Edition. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 43.
"BOY SPECULATOR SHOOTS HIMSELF". The New York Times. April 25, 1910. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
"Leon Dabo". Stillwell House Antiques. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
"BROTHERS IN ART AT LOGGERHEADS". The New York Times. March 24, 1907. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
"DABO FAMILY ROW ON BROTHER'S ART". The New York Times. March 26, 1907. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
"ART EXHIBITS AT THE CLUBS," The Evening Mail (January 6, 1908) p.6
"THE LONDON SALON," The Queen (July 18, 1908) p.137
"NOTES OF THE ART WORLD" The New York Herald (May 14, 1909) p.9
"WITH THE INDEPENDENT ARTISTS," The Evening Mail (April 4, 1910) p.7
"PASTELLISTS," American Art Annual (1911) p.210
"A NEW TYPE OF EXHIBITION," The New York Times (October 29, 1911) 5:15
"ARTISTS IN REVOLT, FORM NEW SOCIETY". The New York Times. January 3, 1912. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Snow, Richard (December 11, 1988). "A GLEE IN CONNCTING [sic] THINGS". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
Current History. The New York Times Co. 1918. p. 515.
"Leon Dabo". The Cooley Gallery. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
Bach, Christian Albert; Hall, Henry Noble (1920). The Fourth Division. United States Army. p. xv.
External links
Comprehensive Monograph of Leon Dabo
Leon Dabo works in the Smithsonian Institution Art Inventories Catalog
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