George Hayter

Queen Victoria Taking the Coronation Oath 28 June 1838

Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight

A Maiden Embraced by a Knight in Armor

Sir George Hayter (17 December 1792 – 18 January 1871) was a notable English painter, specialising in portraits and large works involving in some cases several hundred individual portraits. Queen Victoria appreciated his merits and appointed Hayter her Principal Painter in Ordinary and also awarded him a Knighthood 1841.

Early life
Self portrait of George Hayter aged 28, painted in 1820 (National Portrait Gallery)

Hayter was the son of Charles Hayter (1761–1835), a miniature painter and popular drawing-master and teacher of perspective who was appointed Professor of Perspective and Drawing to Princess Charlotte and published a well-known introduction to perspective and other works.

Initially tutored by his father, he went to the Royal Academy Schools early in 1808, but in the same year, after a disagreement about his art studies, ran away to sea as a Midshipman in the Royal Navy. His father secured his release, and they came to an agreement that Hayter should assist him while pursuing his own studies.[1]

In 1809 he secretly married Sarah Milton, a lodger at his father's house (he was 15 or 16, she 28), the arrangement remaining secret until around 1811.[1] Together they had three children Georgiana, Leopold and Henry.

At the Royal Academy Schools he studied under Fuseli, and in 1815 was appointed Painter of Miniatures and Portraits by Princess Charlotte. Hayter was awarded the British Institution’s premium for history painting for the Prophet Ezra (1815; Downton Castle), purchased by Richard Payne Knight.

Around 1816 his wife left him, for reasons which are not apparent. He subsequently began a relationship with Louisa Cauty, daughter of Sir William Cauty, with whom he lived openly for the next decade and who bore him two children, Angelo and Louisa (despite not having sought a divorce from his first wife).[1]
Travel to Italy
The Tribute Money by George Hayter, 1817. Exhibited at the British Institution 1825

Encouraged by his patron, John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, he travelled to Italy to study in 1816. There he met Canova, whose studio he attended while painting his portrait, where he absorbed Canova’s classical style. He is also believed to have learned sculpture from Canova at this time. Canova was Perpetual Principal of the Accademia di San Luca (Rome's premier artistic institution) and doubtless put Hayter forward for honorary membership on the strength of his painting ‘The Tribute Money’ which was very favourably received in Rome. Hayter thereby became the Academy's youngest ever member.
Historical Portraiture
A Controversy on Colour, by John Hayter (1800-1891) showing from left to right Charles Hayter (father of John and George), John Hayter, Edwin Landseer and George Hayter (Shipley Art Gallery, UK)

Returning to London in 1818, Hayter practised as a portrait painter in oils and history painter. Dubbed ‘The Phoenix’ by William Beckford, Hayter showed a pomposity that irritated his fellow artists, but he mixed freely with many aristocratic families. His unconventional domestic life (separated from his wife, yet living with his mistress) set him apart from official Academy circles: he was never elected to the Royal Academy.
Venus, supported by Iris, complaining to Mars, by George Hayter. Exhibited RA in 1820 and winner of the Royal Academy Painting of the Year in 1823 (Chatsworth House, UK)

Hayter was most productive and innovative during the 1820s. George Agar-Ellis (later Lord Dover) commissioned the Trial of Queen Caroline in the House of Lords in 1820 (exh. Cauty’s Great Rooms, 80-82 Pall Mall, 1823; London, National Portrait Gallery); painted on a large scale (2.33×2.66 m), Hayter’s first (and most successful) contemporary history painting revealed a taste for high drama effectively realised. In the Trial of William, Lord Russell, in the Old Bailey in 1683 (1825; Woburn Abbey) Hayter celebrated John Russell’s ancestry, in a work reminiscent of fashionable tableaux vivants of the country-house set.
Return to the Continent

In 1826 Hayter settled in Italy. The Banditti of Kurdistan Assisting Georgians in Carrying off Circassian Women (untraced), completed in Florence for John Proby, 1st Earl of Carysfort (exhibited British Institution 1829), demonstrated Hayter’s assimilation of the style and exotic subject-matter of contemporary French Romantic art.

In 1827 his mistress, Louisa Cauty, died after poisoning herself with arsenic. Although it was apparently an accident, in a bid for attention, it was widely assumed that he had driven her to suicide, and he was forced by the scandal to move from Florence to Rome.[1]

By late 1828 he was in Paris, where his portraits of English society members (some exhibited at the Salon in 1831) were stylistically akin to the work of recent French portrait painters such as François Gérard.
Royal Patronage
The State Portrait of Queen Victoria (Royal Collection)

In 1831 Hayter returned to England. His grandiose plan to paint the first sitting after the passage of the Reform Bill resulted in his painting 'Moving the Address to the Crown on the Opening of the First Reformed Parliament in the Old House of Commons, 5 February 1833' (1833–43; London, N.P.G.), for which he executed nearly 400 portrait studies in oil. Hayter was an ardent supporter of the reform movement and this painting was not commissioned but to all intents and purposes a labour of love. It occupied him for ten years with no guarantee of financial reward. This is one of the last images executed of the interior of the old House of Commons before its destruction in the fire of 1834. The painting was finally purchased by the government for the nation in 1854, 20 years after it was started.

Having painted the young Princess Victoria (1832–3; destr.; oil sketch, Brit. Royal Col.), Hayter was not a surprising choice as the new Queen’s 'Portrait and Historical Painter'. But on the death of Sir David Wilkie in 1841 Hayter's appointment as Principal Painter in Ordinary to the Queen caused some annoyance at the Royal Academy as this appointment had historically been the preserve of the President, then Sir Martin Archer Shee. In 1842 Hayter was knighted. He painted several royal ceremonies including Queen Victoria’s coronation of 1838 and marriage of 1840 and also the Christening of the Prince of Wales of 1843 (all Brit. Royal Col.). He also painted several royal portraits including his most well known work the State Portrait of the new Queen Victoria. Several versions of this portrait were done, with the assistance of the artist's son Angelo, to be sent as diplomatic gifts. Hayter's active period at court was short-lived however, because Albert preferred German painters such as F. X. Winterhalter.

Several significant examples of Hayter's works from this period remain a part of the Royal Collection, and both the State Portrait and Wedding painting are among those displayed to the public at Buckingham Palace. There is also a full-scale version of the State Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery and smaller copy at Holyrood House.
Hayter's later years
Self Portrait of Sir George Hayter in 1863, (Private Coll.)

By the mid-1840s Hayter’s portrait style was considered old-fashioned. He adjusted his type of history painting to suit the more literal taste of the early Victorian era (e.g. Wellington Viewing Napoleon’s Effigy at Madame Tussaud’s; destr. 1925; engraving, 1854).
The Angels Ministering to Christ, 1849 (V&A)

Hayter also painted several large religious paintings including two depicting important Reformist events, 'Bishop Latimer Preaching at Paul's Cross' and 'The Martyrdom of Bishops Ridley and Latimer' (exh. 1855), both of which were given to the Art Museum, Princeton University, USA in 1984. He painted several biblical scenes from the Old and New Testament, among them The Angels Ministering to Christ in 1849 (V&A) and Joseph Interpreting the Baker's Dream in 1854 (Lancaster City Museums). He also produced fluent landscape watercolours (many of Italian views), etchings (he published a volume in 1833), decorative designs and sculpture. The contents of Hayter’s studio were auctioned at Christie’s, London, on 19 April 1871.

His younger brother, John (1800–95), was also an artist, known chiefly as a portrait draughtsman in chalks and crayons and his younger sister Anne worked as a miniaturist. Some sources say that the influential printmaker Stanley William Hayter was a direct descendant from John Hayter,[2] although others say the ancestor was Sir George Hayter himself.[1] However the family tree of John and George Hayter published in Crisps Visitations shows no possible link to SW Hayter.[3] What is known for certain is that the French painter and writer, Jean René Bazaine was a great great grandson of George Hayter, through his eldest daughter Georgiana Elizabeth, who married Pierre-Dominique Bazaine older brother of Marshal Bazaine.[4]
See also

List of British painters
Henry Collen

References

Barbara Coffey Bryant, "Hayter, Sir George (1792–1871)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 7 June 2007
*Innovation in printmaking: Obituary of Mr S W Hayter, The Times, London, May 7, 1988
Visitation of England and Wales, Volume 17 1911, ed. Frederick Arthur Crisp, reprinted 1997 by Heritage Books Inc.

Jean Bazaine: Couleurs et Mots: le cherche midi éditeur, 1997 (entretiens avec Paul Ricœur et Henri Maldiney)

Further reading

R. Ormond: Early Victorian Portraits, 2 vols, London N.P.G. cat. (London, 1973)
Drawings by Sir George and John Hayter (exh. cat. by B. Coffey [Bryant], London, Morton Morris, 1982) [incl. checklist of prints]
R. Walker: Regency Portraits, 2 vols, London N.P.G. cat. (London, 1986)
O. Millar: The Victorian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1992)
B. Bryant: ‘Sir George Hayter’s Drawings at Duncombe Park: Family Ties and a “Melancholy Event”’, Apollo, cxxxv (1992), pp. 240–50 [incl. newly pubd letter of 1827]

Gallery

Princess Victoria painted 1833

Detail from State Portrait of Queen Victoria 1837

State Portrait of Queen Victoria 1837

Christening of the Prince of Wales in St.George's Chapel, Windsor 25 Jan 1842

Coronation of Queen Victoria 28 June 1838

Marriage of Victoria and Albert, 10 February 1840

Queen Victoria seated on the throne in the House of Lords 1838

Queen Victoria seated on the throne in the House of Lords 1838 (copy commissioned by Madamme Tussauds)

Queen Victoria taking the Coronation Oath 1838

Queen Victoria taking the Coronation Oath

The Trial of Queen Caroline in the House of Lords 1820 (188 portraits), completed 1823

Queen Caroline, wife of George IV during her trial 1820

The Trial of William Lord Russell in 1683, painted 1825

The House of Commons sitting for the first time following the passing of the Reform Act 5 February 1833 (375 portraits)

Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool and Prime Minister, 1823 (for Trial of Queen Caroline picture)

General Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1823

William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire c.1822-26

Duchess of Kent (mother of Queen Victoria), 1835

Antonio Canova painted in 1817

Queen Louise of Belgium, Windsor 1837

Portrait of a young lady in an interior 1826

Portrait of a Lady, Naples 1828

Lady Stuart de Rothesay and her daughters, Paris 1830

Lord Stuart de Rothesay, British Ambassador to France, Paris 1830

The Hon. Charlotte and The Hon. Louisa Stuart, daughters of Baron Stuart de Rothesay, Paris 1830

Charlotte, Countess de la Bourdonnaye (1795-1875) Paris 1830

Saith Satoor and Ali Hassan Bey, 1831. Saith Satoor was the protégé of Prince Abbas Mirza, Crown Prince of Persia

Sofia Kiselyova, daughter of Count Stanislav Potocki 1831

Countess Elizabeth Vorontsova (1792-1880) 1832

The Hon. Mrs. Caroline Norton, society beauty and author, 1832

Alfred Count D'Orsay

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey Prime Minister 1830-1834

Lord Melbourne Prime Minister 1834, 1835-1841

Robert Lawrence Pemberton of Bainbridge House with his mother

Anne Elphinstone 1835

Lady Elizabeth Harcourt, eldest daughter of 2nd Earl of Lucan and wife of George Harcourt

John Montagu, 7th Earl of Sandwich (1811–1884), 7th Earl of Sandwich

John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer (1782-1845)

William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven

Lady Louisa Stuart at the age of ninety-three, sketch in oils

John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford (1766-1839)

George Bridgeman, 2nd Earl of Bradford

Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook (1833) for House of Commons picture

Sir Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet

Admiral Sir Edward Codrington 1835

John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane, 1833

John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane, 1834

Thomas Brunton in 1832 (inventor of studded-link, marine chain cable), friend of the artist

William Wilberforce (1759–1833)

The Duke of Wellington (1839), for the House of Commons picture

The Duke of Wellington

Rt Hon John Johnson, Lord Mayor of London 1845

Sir James Robertson-Bruce 2nd Bt painted in 1820

Mrs Ellen Robertson-Bruce painted in 1820

Portrait of a boy

The Angels Ministering to Christ, painted in 1849

Joseph Interpreting the Dream of the Chief Baker painted in 1854

Hemsted Park, three studies with trees and storm clouds, 1856

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