Claus Bergen

Claus Friedrich Bergen (April 18, 1885 – October 4, 1964) was a German illustrator and painter, best known for his depictions of naval warfare in World War One.[1][2]

Early life and career
The Harbor of Polperro, Cornwall. C. Bergen, ca. 1907

Bergen was born April 18, 1885, in Stuttgart, Germany, the first son of Fritz Bergen, a popular painter and illustrator of the imperial era. He was raised in Munich, where, starting in 1904, he attended Moritz Weinhold's painting school and the Royal Academy of Fine Art, studying under Carl von Marr.[3]

Beginning in 1907, Bergen created more than 450 illustrations for Karl May's popular adventure tales. Continually printed and re-printed in books and periodicals, Bergen's depictions of the Old West, India, Arabia, and other exotic locales came to be widely associated with May's stories. In 1910 his illustrations were exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Brussels.[4]

He travelled extensively to Norway, England, the Mediterranean and America, exhibiting and furthering his training while developing a specialty of painting naval subjects, as well as fishing scenes and coastal views. A series of paintings of the Cornish fishing village of Polperro attracted particular attention.
Wartime painting

In 1914 Bergen was appointed Marine Painter to Kaiser Wilhelm II. After the 1916 Battle of Jutland there was enormous demand for depictions of the action, both from the public and the captains of ships which had participated; to satisfy it, Admiral Scheer, the High Seas Fleet commander, took the fleet into the Baltic with Bergen aboard his flagship and went through a replay of the battle complete with blank firing of the guns. In the 1930s many of these paintings were included in the German Naval Memorial at Kiel, and were later placed in the Tamm Museum in Hamburg, Germany.
U-Boat, World War One, C. Bergen
Battle of Jutland, 1916, C. Bergen

In June and July 1917, Bergen took the unprecedented step of joining the crew of the submarine U-53, under Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose, on an Atlantic combat patrol.[5] The series of paintings that resulted is often considered to be among his finest work.

In the inter-war period he painted numerous officially-commissioned large-scale land- and seascapes, while his friendship with commanders such as Erich Raeder and Karl Doenitz led to continuing work for the German Navy.

Bergen's brother Otto was an aviator in the Great War, and the two were childhood friends of Ernst Udet, one of Germany's top fighter pilots. These associations led to Bergen painting many aviation scenes, and commissions within Germany's aviation industry. Several of his works were used to decorate the interior of the giant Dornier Do X luxury flying boat, which first flew in 1929.

Claus Bergen joined the NSDAP in 1922.[6] During the Second World War he was placed on the Nazis' "God-gifted list", which gave him protected status as a cultural asset, thereby exempting him from military service. Several of his works appeared in the Nazi-sponsored Great German Art Exhibitions, held annually at the House of German Art in Munich from 1937 to 1944. His painting 'Against England' (1940) was purchased by Adolf Hitler for 12,000 reichmarks, and other works of his were purchased by other top Nazi officials;[7] however, none of Bergen's work displays anti-Semitic or exaggeratedly pro-Aryan themes. At the war's end, he was not prosecuted for his Nazi associations.
Later life

After the Second World War Bergen continued painting, with more emphasis on his career-long interest in smaller paintings of landscapes and historic sailing ships.

A depiction of the battleship Bismarck in its final battle introduced him to a wide American audience when it was reproduced on the box of a popular board game in 1962. The following year he donated his painting 'The Atlantic' to President Kennedy (now displayed at the Kennedy Library in Boston), and in 1964 Bergen's paintings lavishly illustrated the naval section of Life Magazine's series on the First World War.

In 1963 he donated a painting of Admiral Nelson's flagship HMS Victory to the British Admiralty.

He continued painting until his death on October 4, 1964, in Lenggries, Bavaria.
See also

References

Biography and illustration of pictures by Bergen held at NMM, Greenwich.
German Wikipedia article on Claus Bergen.
website Munich Submariners Association 1926
.http://schikelgruber.net/bergen.html
website Munich Submariners Association 1926
Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 44.
GermanArtGallery guide, product descriptions for 'Gegen England' & 'Im Atlantik'; http://www.germanartgallery.eu/en/Webshop/0/product/info/Claus_Bergen,_Gegen_England&id=155

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